Mbiri ya Amish ku America
Amish anthu ku America ndi gulu lachipembedzo lakale, obadwa mwa Anabaptists a m'zaka za m'ma 1600-m'ma Ulaya. Osati kusokonezedwa ndi mawu otsutsana ndi Baptisti, Akhristu a Anabaptist adatsutsa kusintha kwa Martin Luther ndi ena pa Chipulotesitanti cha Katolika, kukana kubatizidwa kwa khanda pofuna kubatizidwa (kapena kubatizidwanso) monga akulu akulu. Anaphunzitsanso kupatukana kwa tchalitchi ndi boma, chinachake chosamveka cha m'ma 1600.
Kenaka amadziwika kuti Mennonites, atatsogolera mtsogoleri wachi Dutch Anabaptist Menno Simons (1496-1561), gulu lalikulu la Anabaptist linathawira ku Switzerland ndi kumadera akutali ku Ulaya kuti athawe kuzunzidwa kwachipembedzo.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600, gulu la anthu odzipatulira omwe anatsogoleredwa ndi Jakob Ammann anathawa ndi a Swiss Mennonites, makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kolimba kwa Meidung, kapena kupewa - kutulukamo anthu osamvera kapena osanyalanyaza. Iwo amasiyana mosiyana ndi zinthu zina monga kutsuka mapazi ndi kusowa kwa malamulo okhwima a zovala. Gululi linadziwika kuti Amish ndipo, mpaka lero, akugawanabe zikhulupiliro zofanana ndi amzawo a Mennonite. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa Aamish ndi a Mennonite makamaka ndiko kavalidwe ndi kalambiridwe.
Malo a Amish ku America
Gulu loyamba la Amish linafika ku America kuzungulira 1730 ndipo linakhazikika pafupi ndi Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, chifukwa cha "kuyesa koyera" kwa William Penn mu kulekerera kwachipembedzo.
Amish Pennsylvania si gulu lalikulu kwambiri la Amish wa America monga momwe anthu amalingalira, komabe. Amish akhala akukhala m'ma 24, Canada, ndi Central America, ngakhale kuti 80% ali ku Pennsylvania, Ohio, ndi Indiana. Amish kwambiri ndi ku Holmes ndi madera akumidzi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ohio, pafupifupi makilomita 100 kuchokera ku Pittsburgh.
Kenaka kukula kwake ndi gulu la anthu a Amish ku Elkhart ndi maboma oyandikana kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Indiana. Kenaka abwera a Amish ku Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Anthu a Amish mu chiwerengero cha US kuposa 150,000 ndi kukula, chifukwa cha kukula kwa banja lalikulu (ana asanu ndi awiri pa avareji) ndi mlingo wokhala ndi mpingo wa 80%.
Amish Akulamula
Mwachiwerengero china, pali maulamuliro asanu ndi atatu osiyana pakati pa anthu a Amish, ndi ambiri omwe amagwirizana ndi imodzi mwa malamulo asanu achipembedzo - Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, Andy Weaver Amish, Beachy Amish, ndi Swartzentruber Amish. Mipingo iyi imagwira ntchito mosiyana kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake ndi kusiyana kwa momwe amachitira ndi chipembedzo chawo komanso amayendetsa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Old Order Amish ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri komanso Swartzentruber Amish, mabungwe a Old Order, ndiwo omwe amayang'anira kwambiri.
Mbiri ya Amish ku America
Zochitika zonse za moyo wa Amish zimatchulidwa ndi mndandanda wa malamulo olembedwa kapena omveka, otchedwa Ordnung , omwe amafotokoza zofunikira za chikhulupiriro cha Amish ndipo amathandiza kufotokoza tanthauzo la kukhala Amish. Kwa munthu wa Amisi, Ordnung akhoza kulamula pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wake, kuchokera ku diresi ndi tsitsi kumapeto kwa njira zamagulu ndi ulimi.
Ordnung imasiyanasiyana kuchokera kumidzi kupita kumudzi ndikukonzekera, kuti mudziwe chifukwa chake mudzawona amishoni akukwera mumagalimoto, pamene ena samavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangira batri.
Amish Dress
Choyimira cha chikhulupiriro chawo, mafilimu ovala zovala zachi Amishi amalimbikitsa kudzichepetsa ndi kulekana ndi dziko lapansi. Zovala za Amish mwachizoloŵezi chosavuta, kupeŵa zonse koma zokongoletsa kwambiri. Zovala zimapangidwa kunyumba ndi nsalu zakuda ndipo zimakhala zakuda kwambiri. Amish, ambiri, amavala zodzikongoletsera ndi malaya opanda makola, mapepala kapena matumba. Zovala zamtundu uliwonse sizikhala ndi ziphuphu kapena zikhoto ndipo zimayambidwa ndi suspenders. Mabotolo amaletsedwa, monga matayala, neckties, ndi magolovesi. Amayi amavala mwatsatanetsatane ndi mabatani ambiri, koma malaya ovala ndi zovala zimamangirira ndi zikopa ndi maso.
Amuna amameta ndekha asanalowe m'banja, pamene amuna okwatiwa amafunika kuti ndevu zawo zikule. Mafayira amaletsedwa. Azimayi achi Amish amavala madiresi ovala manja ndi manja ambiri, ndiketi yodzaza ndi cape komanso apron. Iwo samadula tsitsi lawo, ndi kumavala ilo mu nsalu kapena bulu kumbuyo kwa mutu wobisika ndi kapu yaing'ono yoyera kapena bonnetu lakuda. Zovala zimayikidwa ndi mapepala owongoka kapena zowonongeka, nsanamira ndi thonje lakuda ndi nsapato zimakhalanso zakuda. Akazi achiamishi saloledwa kuvala zovala zovekedwa kapena zodzikongoletsera. Ordnung ya dongosolo la Amish lachindunji lingapangitse nkhani za kavalidwe monga momveka ngati kutalika kwaketi kapena kukula kwa msoko.
Technology & Amish
Ama Amish akutsutsana ndi makanema onse omwe amachititsa kuti zifooketse banja. Zosangalatsa zomwe tonsefe timatenga zochepa monga magetsi, televizioni, magalimoto, matelefoni ndi matrekta amadziyesa kuti ndi mayesero omwe angayambitse zopanda pake, kupanga chilolezo, kapena kutsogolera Amish kutali ndi gulu lawo lomwe amodziwa, ndipo , sakulimbikitsidwa kapena kulandiridwa m'malamulo ambiri. Amish Ambiri amalima minda yawo ndi makina okwera pamahatchi, amakhala m'nyumba zopanda magetsi, ndipo amayendayenda m'makudu a mahatchi. Zili zachilendo kwa amishoni kuti alole kugwiritsa ntchito matelefoni, koma osati kunyumba. M'malo mwake, mabanja angapo a Amisi adzagawana foni mumtunda wamatabwa pakati pa minda. Nthawi zina magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina, monga mipanda yamagetsi ya ng'ombe, kuyatsa magetsi pamagetsi, ndi Kutentha nyumba. Mafilimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero a mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa mwachilengedwe nthawi zoterezi. Komanso si zachilendo kuona Amish pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri monga masewera ozungulira, makapu otayika, ndi grills chifukwa chazomwe saloledwa ndi Ordnung.
Technology nthawi zambiri mumakhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo a Amish. The Swartzentruber ndi Andy Weaver Amish ndi ultraconservative pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono - Swartzentruber, mwachitsanzo, samalola ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a batri. Old Amish Order sagwiritsira ntchito makina amakono koma amaloledwa kukwera magalimoto oyendetsa magalimoto kuphatikizapo ndege ndi magalimoto, ngakhale kuti saloledwa kukhala nawo. The New Order Amish imalola kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, umwini wa magalimoto, makina akulima masiku ano, ndi matelefoni m'nyumba.
Sukulu za Amish ndi Maphunziro
Amish amakhulupirira kwambiri maphunziro, koma amapereka maphunziro apamwamba pa sukulu yachisanu ndi chitatu komanso m'masukulu awo apadera. A Amish saloledwa kupita ku boma kupita ku sukulu yachisanu ndi chitatu mothandizidwa ndi mfundo zachipembedzo, chifukwa cha chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ku United States cha 1972. Sukulu imodzi yamagulu a Amish ndi mabungwe apadera, ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makolo a Amish. Kusukulu kumaphatikizapo kuwerenga, kulemba, masamu ndi geography, pamodzi ndi maphunziro a ntchito ndi kusonkhana pakati pa mbiri ya Amish ndi zofunikira. Maphunziro ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo wa kunyumba, ndi luso la ulimi ndi kumanga ngati gawo lofunika la kulera kwa mwana wa Amish.
Amish Family Life
Banja ndilo gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha Amish. Mabanja akuluakulu omwe ali ndi ana asanu ndi awiri kapena khumi ali wamba. Ntchito zapadera zimagawanika ndi ntchito ya kugonana kunyumba ya Amish - mwamuna amagwira ntchito pa famu, pamene mkazi amatsuka, kuyeretsa, kuphika, ndi ntchito zina zapakhomo. Pali zosiyana, koma kawirikawiri abambo amaonedwa kukhala mutu wa banja la Amish. Chijeremani chimalankhulidwa kunyumba, ngakhale Chichewa chimaphunzitsidwa kusukulu. Amish akukwatiwa Amish - palibe kukwatirana ndiloledwa. Kusudzulana sikuloledwa ndipo kulekanitsidwa sikofala.
Amish Daily Life
Amish amadzipatula okha kwa ena chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo, nthawi zambiri amatchula mavesi a m'Baibulo otsatirawa pochirikiza zikhulupiriro zawo.
- "Musakhale omangidwa m'goli ndi osakhulupirira, pakuti chilungamo ndi choyipa zili palimodzi kapena chiyanjano chingakhale ndi mdima?" (2 Akorinto 6:14)
- "Tulukani pakati pawo ndipo khalani osiyana, atero Ambuye." (2 Akorinto 6:17)
- "Ndipo musakhale ofanana ndi dziko ili lapansi, koma mukhale osandulika mwa kukonzanso kwa mtima wanu kuti muzindikire chifuniro cha Mulungu chabwino, chovomerezeka ndi changwiro." (Aroma 12: 2)
Chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo, Amish amayesa kudzipatula kwa "kunja," pofuna kuyesedwa mayesero ndi tchimo. Amasankha, m'malo mwake, kudalira okha komanso anthu ena a m'mudzi wawo wa Amish. Chifukwa cha kudzidalira kumeneku, Amish sagwira Social Security kapena kulandira thandizo lina la boma. Kupewa kwawo zachiwawa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kumatanthauzanso kuti sagwira usilikali.
Mpingo uliwonse wa Amish umatumikiridwa ndi bishopu, atumiki awiri, ndi dikoni - amuna onse. Palibe mpingo wapakati wa Amish. Ntchito za kupembedza zimakhala m'nyumba za anthu ammudzi kumene makoma akukonzekera pamisonkhano yayikulu. Amish amakhulupirira kuti miyambo imasunga mibadwo pamodzi ndi kupereka nangula ku zakale, chikhulupiliro chomwe chimapereka momwe amachitira misonkhano, kupembedza, kukwatirana, ndi maliro a mpingo.
Ubatizo wa Amish
Ubatizo wachikulire wa Amish, m'malo mwa ubatizo wa ana, akukhulupirira kuti ndi akulu okha omwe angapange chisankho chodziwitsa za chipulumutso chawo ndi kudzipereka kwawo ku tchalitchi. Asanabatizidwe, anyamata achi Amish amalimbikitsidwa kuti ayese moyo kunja kwa dziko, mu nthawi yotchedwa rumspringa , Pennsylvania Deutsch ya "kuyendayenda." Iwo akadali omangidwa ndi zikhulupiliro ndi malamulo a makolo awo, koma kuwerengeka kwina ndi kuyesera kumaloledwa kapena kunyalanyazidwa. Pa nthawiyi achinyamata ambiri a Amish amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo omasuka kuti azikhala osangalala komanso ena amasangalala, koma ena akhoza kuvala "English," utsi, kulankhula pafoni zam'manja kapena kuyendetsa galimoto. Rumspringa imatha pamene achinyamata akufunsanso kubatizidwa mu mpingo kapena amasankha kusiya anthu a Amish. Ambiri amasankha kukhala Amish.
Maukwati Amish
Ukwati wa Amish ndi wophweka, zochitika zosangalatsa zomwe zimaphatikizapo gulu lonse la Amish. Maukwati a Amish mwachizolowezi amachitikira Lachiwiri ndi Lachinayi kumapeto kwa nthawi yachisanu, kotsiriza kotsiriza. Zokambirana za anthu awiriwa zimakhala zobisika mpaka masabata angapo asanakwatirane pamene zolinga zawo "zasindikizidwa" mu tchalitchi. Ukwatiwo nthawi zambiri umachitika kunyumba kwa makolo a mkwatibwi ndi mwambo wautali, wotsatira phwando lalikulu kwa oitanidwawo. Mkwatibwi amapanga kavalidwe katsopano paukwati, womwe umatumikira ngati "chovala" chake pa nthawi yodzakwatirana. Buluu ndi mtundu wa kavalidwe kaukwati. Mosiyana ndi maukwati ambiri amasiku ano, maukwati a Amish samaphatikizapo zodzoladzola, mphete, maluwa, ogwidwa kapena kujambula. Anthu okwatirana kumene amathera usiku waukwati kunyumba ya amayi a mkwatibwi kotero kuti akhoza kudzuka molawirira tsiku lotsatira kuti athandize kuyeretsa nyumba.
Maliro Amish
Monga mu moyo, kuphweka ndi kofunikira kwa Amish pambuyo pa imfa. Maliro amapezeka m'nyumba ya wakufayo. Manda a maliro ndi osavuta, osakhala ndi maluwa kapena maluwa. Ma caskets ndi mabokosi amtengo wapatali, omwe amapangidwa m'deralo. Ambiri ammidzi adzalola kuyika thupi ndi wokonza malo omwe amadziwika ndi miyambo ya Amish, koma palibe mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Manda a Amish ndi kuikidwa m'manda amachitika masiku atatu pambuyo pa imfa. Kaŵirikaŵiri wakufayo amakhala m'manda a Amish komweko. Manda akugwira dzanja. Gravestones ndi ophweka, kutsata chikhulupiriro cha Amish kuti palibe munthu wabwino kuposa wina. M'madera ena a Amisi, miyala ya miyala yamanda sizinalembedwe. M'malo mwake, mapu akusungidwa ndi alaliki ammudzi kuti azindikire anthu okhala mmanda.
Shunning
Shunning, kapena meidung amatanthauza kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu a Amish chifukwa chophwanya malamulo achipembedzo - kuphatikizapo kukwatira kunja kwa chikhulupiriro. Chizoloŵezi chokaniza ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chimene Aamishi anathawa ndi a Mennonites mu 1693. Pamene munthu akugonjera, amatanthauza kuti achoke ndi abwenzi awo, banja lawo, ndi moyo wawo. Kulankhulana konse ndi kukhudzana kumathetsedwa, ngakhale pakati pa mamembala. Shunning ndi yovuta, ndipo kawirikawiri imalingaliridwa kuti ndi yomaliza pambuyo pochenjeza mobwerezabwereza.