Kuchokera ku Nkhondo Kufikira ku Nyumba Yachisumbu: Chizindikiro Chokhazikika cha Paris
Zowonjezera Zambiri: Malo Ovomerezeka a Louvre Museum; Encyclopedia Britannica
Nyumba ya ku Louvre ya Paris ikudziwika kwambiri lero chifukwa cha zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula ndi zojambula zina. Koma isanayambe kukhala imodzi mwa zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zochititsa chidwi zapamwamba, inali nyumba yachifumu komanso mbali yaikulu ya mipanda yomwe inateteza Paris kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi kuchokera kwa adani.
Kuti muziyamikira malo awa ovomerezeka, phunzirani zambiri za mbiri yake yovuta patsogolo pa ulendo wanu.
Louvre Pa Nthawi Yakale
1190: Mfumu Philippe Auguste akumanga linga lalikulu pa malo a Louvre masiku ano pofuna kuyesetsa kuteteza mzindawo . Nkhonoyo imamangidwa kuzungulira nsomba zinayi zazikulu ndi nsanja zodzitetezera. Ndondomeko yaikulu, yotchedwa ulendo waukulu , inayima pakati. Maseŵera apansi a nsanjayi ndi zonse zomwe zatsala ndipo zingayende pang'ono lero.
1356-1358: Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, Paris tsopano ikupita kutali kwambiri ndi khoma loyamba lomwe linamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 12. Khoma latsopano limamangidwa mbali imodzi kuti likhale chitetezo kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo ya zaka mazana angapo ku England. Louvre sikutinso ngati malo oteteza.
1364: Louvre sichikuthandizani cholinga chake, motero Mfumu Charles V yomanga nyumbayo anabwezeretsa nyumba yachifumuyo m'nyumba yachifumu yokongola kwambiri.
Kuwonekera kwa zaka zapakati pa nyumba yachifumu kunali ndi stala yamtundu wotchuka ndi "munda wokondweretsa", pamene zipindazo zinali zokongoletsedwa ndi zojambulajambula ndi zojambula.
1527: Louvre adakhalabe wopanda ntchito kwa zaka 100 kapena pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumu Charles VI. Mu 1527, Francois I amalowerera ndikuwononga zonsezi.
Louvre imasunthira kulowa mu nthawi ya Renaissance.
Louvre Pa Nthawi Yachibadwidwe
1546: Francois Ine ndikupitiriza kusintha nyumbayi mogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a zamoyo zapamwamba zowonjezeredwa ndi zakuthambo, kuthetsa mapiko a kumadzulo kwa kumadzulo ndi kumalowetsa mawonekedwe a Renaissance. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Henri II, Nyumba ya The Caryatids ndi Pavillon du Roi (King's Pavillion) amamangidwa, ndipo amaphatikizapo nyumba zapadera za mfumu. Kukongoletsa kwa nyumba yachifumuyi pomalizira pake kumatsirizidwa pansi pa malamulo a King Henri IV.
M'zaka za zana la m'ma 1600: Mfumukazi ya ku Italy ya ku France, dzina lake Catherine de 'Medici, yemwe anali wamasiye kwa Henri II, inalamula kuti nyumba ya Tuileries iyamangidwe pofuna kuyendetsa malo otonthoza ku Louvre. Ndondomekoyi ya mapulani ndikuthawa.
1595-1610: Henri IV amamanga Galerie du Bord de l'Eau (Waterside Gallery) kuti apange njira yochokera ku nyumba ya mfumu ya Louvre kupita ku Nyumba ya Tuileries yapafupi. Malo omwe amadziwika ndi Galerie des Rois (Nyumba Zamkatimu za Mafumu) amamangidwanso panthawiyi.
The Louvre Panthawi ya "Zakale"
1624-1672: Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Louis XIII ndi Louis XIV, Louvre akukhala ndi zinthu zambiri zowonongeka, zomwe zimabweretsa nyumba yachifumu lero.
Zowonjezera zazikulu pa nthawiyi zikuphatikizapo Pavillon de l'Horloge (Clock Pavilion) yomwe masiku ano imatchedwa Pavillon de Sully ndipo idzakhala chitsanzo cha mapangidwe ena omwe amapanga malo amasiku ano. Apollo Gallery yopambana imamalizidwa mu 1664.
1672-1674: Mfumu Louis XIV imatsogolera mpando wachifumu ku Versailles m'midzi. Louvre ikugwera m'dera losanyalanyazidwa kwa zaka zana.
1692: Louvre ali ndi malo atsopano ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aluso, ndipo Louis XIV akulamula kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo opangira zithunzi zakale. Ichi chinali sitepe yoyamba ku kubadwa kwa nyumba yosungiramo zamakono.
1791: Potsata Chigwirizano cha French cha 1789, Louvre ndi Tuileries akuganiziranso kuti ndi nyumba yachifumu "yosonkhanitsa zipilala za sayansi ndi zamatsenga".
1793: Boma la France lakusandulika limatsegula Muséum Central des Arts de la République, bungwe latsopano la anthu lomwe m'njira zambiri zimayambira pamakono amakono a museum. Kuloledwa kuli mfulu kwa onse, pamene zokololazo zimachokera makamaka ku chuma cholandidwa cha mafumu achiFrance ndi mabanja olemekezeka.
Kukhala Museum Wamkulu: Empires
1798-1815: Mfumu ya mtsogolo Napoleon ine "ndikulimbikitsa" zopangira ku Louvre kupyolera mu zofunkha zomwe zinagonjetsedwa panthawi yomwe anagonjetsa kunja, makamaka kuchokera ku Italy. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imatchedwanso Napoleon Musée mu 1803 ndipo phokoso la mfumu likuikidwa pakhomo. Mu 1806, akatswiri a zomangamanga a Emperor Percier ndi Fontaine amamanga "Arc de Triomphe" kakang'ono m'kati mwa mapiri a Tuileries pokondwerera nkhondo za ku France. Chombocho chimaphatikizapo mahatchi anayi amkuwa omwe anali atatengedwa kuchokera ku St. Mark's Basilica ku Italy; izi zibwezeretsedwa ku Italy mu 1815 pamene Ufumu Woyamba ukugwa. Panthawiyi, Louvre amakula kwambiri ndikuphatikizapo mapiko ambiri omwe alipo lero, kuphatikizapo a Cour Carré ndi Grande Galerie.
1824: Nyumba yamakono yotchedwa Modern Sculpture Museum imatsegulidwa kumapiko a kumadzulo kwa "Cour Carré". Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi inkaphatikizapo zithunzi zochokera ku Versailles ndi zokopa zina, kudutsa zipinda zisanu zokha.
1826-1862: Monga njira zamakono zamakono komanso zamalonda zikuyambira, zolemba za Louvre zimapindula kwambiri ndikuwonjezeredwa kuphatikizapo ntchito zochokera kuzinthu zakunja. Kuchokera ku zakale za ku Aigupto ndi Asuri kupita kuzaka za m'ma 1500 ndi kupititsa patsogolo zakale za ku Spain, Louvre adakali njira yopita kuchipatala cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
1863: Chombo cha Louvre tsopano chikugwirizananso ndi Musée Napoleon III polemekeza mtsogoleri wa Ufumu Wachiwiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa osonkhanitsa makamaka chifukwa cha 1861 kupeza zojambula zoposa 11,000, zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula ndi zinthu zina kuchokera ku Marquis Campana.
1871: Kutentha kwakukulu kwa 1871 kotchedwa Paris Commune, Nyumba ya Tuileries imatenthedwa ndi "Communards." Nyumba yachifumu sichibwezeretsedwa, kusiya minda yokha ndi nyumba zokha. Mpaka lero, komiti imodzi ya dziko la France ikupemphabe kubwezeretsa nyumbayi.
ZOTSATIRA: The Emergence of Modern Louvre
1883: Nyumba ya Tuileries ikagwetsedwa, kusintha kwakukuru kumachitika ndipo Louvre anasiya kukhala mpando wachifumu. Webusaitiyi tsopano yatsala pang'ono kudzipereka kwazojambula ndi chikhalidwe. Zaka zingapo, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale idzawonjezeka kwambiri kuti idzalowe nyumba zonse zazikuru.
1884-1939: Louvre akupitiriza kukula ndi kutsegulira mapiko osawerengeka komanso magulu atsopano osawerengeka, kuphatikizapo phiko lopangira masewera achi Islam ndi Musée des Arts Decoratives.
1939-1945: Panthawi yomwe nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idakalipo mu 1939, nyumba yosungirako zinthu zakale inatsekedwa ndipo magulu anamasulidwa, kupatulapo zidutswa zazikulu zomwe zimatetezedwa ndi mchenga. Pamene asilikali a Nazi anaukira Paris ndi madera ambiri a France mu 1940, Louvre inayamba kutseguka, koma makamaka ilibe kanthu.
1981: Pulezidenti wa ku France Francois Mittérand akuwonetsa ndondomeko yofuna kukonza ndi kukonzeratu Louvre ndi kusunthira utumiki wokhawokha wa boma ku malo ena, ndikupangitsa Louvre kukhala wodzipereka ku ntchito yake ngati yosungirako nthawi yoyamba.
1986: Musée d'Orsay yakhazikitsidwa kale kudera la sitima ya Orsay ku Seine. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi imasintha ntchito zamakono zochokera kwa ojambula obadwa pakati pa 1820 ndi 1870, ndipo posakhalitsa zimadzipatula kuti zisonkhanitsidwe zojambula za Impressionist, pakati pa ena. Ntchito kuchokera ku Jeu de Paume kumapeto kumadzulo kwa Tuileries imasamutsidwa ku Orsay.
1989: Piramidi ya galasi ya Louvre yomwe anamanga ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga wachi China IM Pei imatsegulidwa ndipo imakhala ngati khomo latsopano.