Mtambo wa Brown: Phoenix Air Pollution Problems

Panthaŵi ina, Arizona inali kudziwika padziko lonse kuti ndi mpumulo kwa anthu ovutika ndi kupuma. Ndi matenda ochokera ku chifuwa mpaka ku mphumu kupita ku chifuwa chachikulu, odwala adakhamukira kumalo kuti athandize.

Mtambo wa Brown

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, anthu okhala m'chigwa cha Sun akhala akuyang'ana okha. "Brown Cloud", yomwe idadziwika kale, ikuphatikizapo malo a Phoenix omwe amakhala owonongeka pafupifupi chaka chonse chifukwa cha bungwe la American Lung Association lomwe limapereka dera la Maricopa kuti likhale laling'ono kwambiri pa ukhondo wa ozoni ndi ma particulates mu 2005.

Malingana ndi lipoti la "State of the Air 2005", anthu opitirira 2.6 miliyoni, kapena 79%, a anthu okhala m'deralo ali pachiopsezo chachikulu cha kupweteka kwa mpweya chifukwa cha khalidwe la mpweya. Ena mwa omwe ali pangozi amakhala okhala ndi asthma, bronchitis, matenda a mtima, ndi shuga.

Chimene chimayambitsa Mavuto a Mpweya wa Phoenix

Kawirikawiri, Brown Cloud ili ndi tizigawo ting'onoting'ono ta carbon ndi nitrogen dioxide gas. Zinthu zimenezi zimaperekedwa m'mlengalenga makamaka kuchokera kumoto wamafuta. Magalimoto, fumbi yokhudzana ndi zomangamanga, zomera zamagetsi, mitsinje ya udzu, mphepo yamoto, ndi zina zimapangitsa kuti mtambo uzikhala tsiku ndi tsiku.

Ngakhale kuti madera ena kuzungulira dziko ali ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana popanda zotsatira zomveka, zotsatira, nyengo, komanso kukula komwe kukukopa alendo ndi alendo kuderali kumathandiza kuthyola zigawo ndi magetsi.

Usiku, mawonekedwe osanjikiza amapanga pamwamba pa Chigwa.

Mofanana ndi chipululu chirichonse, mlengalenga pafupi ndi nthaka imatha mofulumira kuposa mpweya pamwambapa. Komabe, mosiyana ndi mapulaneti ena ambiri, mpweya woziziritsa umalowa mkati mwa mphepo yotentha kumadzulo kuchokera kumapiri ozungulira.

Chotsatira chake, mpweya unagwedezeka pafupi ndi nthaka mumtsinje, mpweya umene uli ndi zowononga zambiri m'derali, umafalikira.

Pamene malo a m'chipululu amatha kutentha masana, timadzi timene timakhala tomwe timapanga ngati dzuwa likupita.

Patsiku lonse, kusintha kwa mphepo ku Valley kumayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa Brown Cloud. Kuchokera pakatikati pa tsiku, mtambo umakankhira kummawa. Pomwe dzuwa litalowa, kayendetsedwe kake kakuyambiranso.

Msonkhano wa Brown Cloud

Mu March 2000, Bwanamkubwa Jane Hull anapanga Gulu la Brown Cloud Summit, komiti ya ndale zapanyumba ndi mabungwe a bizinesi, odzipatulira kubwezeretsa mphepo ya Valley ku nthawi yake yoyera bwino. Wotsogoleredwa ndi katswiri wa zamalonda ndi Pulezidenti wakale wa boma Ed Phillips, Summit adafufuza nkhaniyi kwa miyezi khumi. Malinga ndi lipoti la kumapeto kwa Brown Cloud Summit, ndondomeko yotchulidwa pamwambayi sikuti imangowononga mapiri omwe akuwoneka bwino kwambiri ozungulira chigwachi, komanso imapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuposa zochitika zambiri za matenda, makamaka matenda opuma, kuphatikizapo chifuwa chachikulu ndi mphumu. kufa kwa chiwerengero cha matenda a mtima ndi mapapo.

Choyenera Kuchitidwa Kuti Zilimbitse Ukhondo wa Air Phoenix

Msonkhanowu unatsimikiza kuti njira yokha yogwirira ntchito yokhayo ingachepe kapena kuthetsa Mtambo wa Brown. Poyamba, anthu okhala ku Phoenix akuyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi kuipitsa mpweya. Kenaka, mogwirizana ndi mabungwe am'deralo ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, ayenera kuchepetsa kuyambitsa zowonongeka mumlengalenga mwa njira zaufulu komanso zowonongeka.

Nzika zachinsinsi ndi eni bizinesi amatha kuchitapo, mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa magalimoto kudzera pa telecommunication, carpooling, ndi kulimbikitsa ndi / kapena kupereka thandizo la kayendetsedwe ka anthu kuphatikizapo kayendetsedwe kabwino ka njanji ku Phoenix ndi midzi yoyandikana nayo.

Zina mwazinthu zikuphatikizapo kukonzanso ndi kubwezeretsa magalimoto ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri othandizira kutulutsa mpweya kapena njira zina zowonjezera mafuta ndikugula magalimoto abwino a mabanki ndi maboma a boma.

Okonza magetsi athandizira kufunika kwa magalimoto "obiriwira" popanga magetsi omwe angathe kuthamanga pa magetsi kapena mafuta, ndipo magalimoto amayendetsedwa ndi gasi lachilengedwe (CNG) kapena biodiesel yopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zowonjezereka monga mafuta a masamba ndi soya.

Kafufuzidwe pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi a hydrogen omwe amachititsa kuti nthunzi zamadzi ziziyenda koma sizikuyembekezeredwa kuti zithetse galimoto yokwera mtengo yotsika mtengo kwa zaka zingapo.

Malamulo ovomerezeka amathandizanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa dera. Magalimoto ovuta komanso mafakitale apangidwa kwa zaka zambiri kuti azitsatira malingaliro a Msonkhanowu komanso malamulo a federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Makampani olemera akhala akugwira ntchito yochepetsera mpweya wosuta. Alimi ndi makampani omangamanga ayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yowonjezereka yowonjezera pfumbi kuti zisamalire.

Kodi Phoenix Air Quality yawonjezeka Kuyambira 2000?

Malingana ndi EPA, mpweya wa Phoenix unali kusintha m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, koma bungweli linapereka chigawo cha Maricopa kuti "Chidziwitso cha Kutaya" mu May 2005 chifukwa cha kuphwanya mobwerezabwereza m'miyezi yapitayi ya miyezo yapamwamba ya mpweya yomwe yakhazikitsidwa mu 1990 Woyera Air Act. Ngakhale kuti deta ikuwerengedwanso chaka cha 2005, m'chaka cha 2004 chipatala cha Maricopa chinasokoneza zokwana 30 zoterezi.

Chotsatira chake, EPA yatsimikizira kuti dera lomwelo liyenera kudulidwa ndi osachepera 5% pachaka malinga ndi machitidwe omwe alipo. Kudula kumeneku kudzalimbikitsidwa mpaka bungwe la federal lidzakhutitsidwa ndi miyezo yathanzi. Akuluakulu aderali akhalapo mpaka chaka cha 2007 kuti apereke dongosolo lawo ku EPA kuti akwaniritse miyezo yatsopanoyi.

Akuluakulu a m'boma la Maricopa anati 2005 ndi "yoyipa kwambiri pa kapangidwe kameneka pamlengalenga" malinga ndi lipoti la January 2006 mu "Arizona Republic." Dera la Arizona la Quality Environmental (ADEQ) Mtsogoleri Steve Owens anati kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'nyengo yozizira ya 2005 kunali "ngati Brown Cloud on steroids."

Omwe Amayambitsa Zowonongeka Kwambiri ku Phoenix

Malingana ndi Dipatimenti ya Air Quality ya Maricopa County yomwe yakhazikitsidwa posachedwa, anthu ochimwa kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuti dera lathulo liwonongeke posachedwa ndi khalidwe lakumwamba likuwoneka kuti ndi anthu ogulitsa nyumba omwe amapereka mazanamazana madola pamalipiro a fumbi ndikuloleza kulekanitsa chaka chatha.

Ogulitsa, makampani a trucking, ndi ena ambiri adalangizidwa ndi dipatimentiyo chifukwa cha zolakwa zosiyanasiyana.

Kuwonjezera pa kulamulira anthu osokoneza mafakitale, akuluakulu a m'boma akufikira anthu a m'deralo kuti achite nawo mbali poyeretsa mpweya. Malangizowa akuphatikizapo kusunga magalimoto omwe akuyenda bwino, kuchepetsa komanso kuphatikiza maulendo, kugwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe ka anthu, komanso kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zitovu zamatabwa kapena zipinda zamkati popereka malangizo othandizira kuwononga mphamvu, omwe amadziwikanso kuti "masiku osapsa." Anthu amatha kuitanitsa (602) 506-6400 nthawi iliyonse yolemba mauthenga mu Chingerezi ndi Chisipanishi pofotokoza zoletsedwa zamoto.

Zowonjezera malamulo angaganizidwe ku Bungwe la Maricopa kuphatikizapo kukakamiza koyendetsa galimoto ndi mafakitale kuti asatengedwe ndi malamulo a fumbi kuphatikizapo kukonzanso zopsereza zopsereza moto kunja kwa moto. Mizinda ingaganize kuika malire kwa ophulira masamba ndi magwero ena a kuipitsidwa kwapadera kumene sali olamulidwa kale.

Kuyang'ana Patsogolo

Padakali pano, anthu okhala ku Valley komanso alendo adzapitirizabe kuthana ndi zotsatira za thanzi la Brown pochita zomwe angathe kukhala kukhala m'nyumba. .

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chigwa cha Sun choyera chinali chozizwitsa kuchiritsa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda opuma. Ngakhale kuti derali silingakhale labwino ngati ilo kachiwiri, lingakhale loyera m'zaka za zana la 21 mothandizidwa ndi anthu a m'deralo ndi malonda. Izi zidzathandiza aliyense amene amatcha dera "nyumba" kupuma mosavuta.