Mawu achinsinsi a kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990
A Celtic Tiger - sabodza lake silinamvepo kawirikawiri zaka zaposachedwapa, ndipo ambiri a ku Ireland amakhulupirira kuti chirombo ichi chapafupi kwambiri choti chiwonongeke. Koma kumbukirani kuti sitikuyankhula za enieni, thupi ndi magazi, nyama pano. Icho chinangokhala konse chilembo, lingaliro losautsa, ndi kulira kwachisangalalo cha kukula kosalamulirika. Celtic Tiger (Irish idzakhala " Tíogar Ceilteach ", ngakhale kuti siigwiritsidwe ntchito kawirikawiri) ndi nthawi ya bulange ya chuma chambiri cha (makamaka) Republic of Ireland m'zaka kuyambira 1995 mpaka 2000.
Uku kunali nyengo yosalekeza yachuma - makamaka chifukwa cha ndalama zochokera kunja kwadzidzidzi komanso kusamukira kwa mayiko ambiri kupita ku Ireland ngati ndalama zochepa zotumikira EMEA (Europe - Middle East - Africa). Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zoperekera ku Ireland sichinali chizoloŵezi cha "antchito ophunzira kwambiri" (makampani ambiri atsopano anali kusonyeza kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu othawa kwawo ogwira ntchito), koma kuchuluka kwa msonkho wotsika wa makampani, msonkho wa msonkho ndi ndalama, ndi mwayi wochita nawo "ndondomeko ya kulenga", motero kuonjezera kupeŵa msonkho kupyolera mwa bungwe la Byzantine (koma lovomerezeka) la makampani akuyankhulana wina ndi mzake.
Mmene A Tigeliti Anabadwira
Pazaka za m'ma 1990, zaka za m'ma 1990, chuma cha Ireland chinawonjezeka pa 9,4% (pakati pa 1995 ndi 2000). Pambuyo pa zochitika zingapo zoopsa (matenda a phazi ndi mkamwa owononga ulimi wa Irish ndi zokopa alendo, ziphuphu zochokera ku 9/11, ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse), boom inagwa mu 2002, koma kawirikawiri inapitirira ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwongoladzanja cha 5.9%.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kusanachitike kunali nyengo ya kukula kwenikweni, makamaka chifukwa cha zamakono ndi zamakampani. Pambuyo pake, chigwa cha Celtic chinayamba kudyetsa mafuta ake omwe amatchedwa "bubble period", komanso (makamaka) kutsika mtengo kwa mitengo yomwe imapereka ndalama zambiri za msonkho, zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zowonjezera. mwakhama adalenga "chuma chotheka" ndi kukula ngongole - mwachidule, Ponzi chachikulu.
Panthawiyi, kusintha kwakukulu kunakhudzanso anthu a ku Ireland: Ireland isanafike ku Tiger Celtic inali imodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri kumadzulo kwa Ulaya - kokha kukhala (wofikira usiku) umodzi mwa olemera kwambiri. Ndi ndalama kuti mupulumutse. Awonetseni kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito (nthawi zambiri pamapulojekiti apamwamba omwe alibe chidziwitso chofunikira kwa iwo, pamene ali ndi zowonongeka zofanana ndi zachipatala zinanyalanyazidwa), kuchepetsa msonkho kwa pachaka kwa onse, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zapadera pa nthawiyo. Ndalama zosungira katundu zimakhala zosadziwika komanso zosayembekezereka zolembera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, kutchulidwa kwa maholide achilendo, zosangalatsa zapamwamba, katundu wamtengo wapatali (Ireland omwe ali ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa ma US helicopter kuposa nthawi imodzi). malingaliro apanyumba. Pakati pa maulendo a ma wailesi a 2007, pali maanja ang'onoang'ono omwe akukonzekera kuchoka kumbuyo kwa miyandamiyanda yawo yosungirako katundu yomwe ili pafupi ndi zaka 45. Pulojekiti yomwe inamangidwa kudzera mu ndalama zokhala ndi ndalama zokwana 110% ...
Ngakhale kuti kusiyana pakati pa ndalama zapamwamba komanso zapakati pa ndalama zowonjezereka, ntchito inachokera pa 18% (1980) kufika ku 4.5% (2007, ngakhale patapita anthu ambiri ochokera ku Eastern Europe). Misonkho ya mafakitale inakula, komanso kupuma kwa ndalama (5% pa chaka ).
Zonsezi zinaphatikizapo mitengo ya Irish mpaka nthawi zambiri kuposa mayiko otchuka a Nordic , pamalipiro ofanana ndi a UK.
Imfa ya Feline
Mu 2008 a Celtic Tiger anamwalira, malinga ndi boma la tsikulo mwadzidzidzi ndi mwadzidzidzi, malinga ndi akatswiri osadziwa nyenyezi atatha matenda aakulu komanso otsiriza ... pamodzi ndi dziko lonse lapansi, Ireland inagwa pansi. GDP yomwe inagwiridwa ndi 14% ndi umphawi zinayambira kufika pa 14%, ndi kuchoka kunja chifukwa chosoŵa chiyembekezo. Dziko la Ireland linawerengedwa pakati pa PIGS kapena PIIGS (mayiko a European debt a Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece ndi Spain). Ndipo nthabwala yowawa panthawiyo inali yakuti kusiyana pakati pa Iceland ndi Ireland kunali "kalata imodzi ndi miyezi itatu" .. Pokha pokhapokha atalandira thandizo lalikulu kuchokera kwa anthu omwe anali kunja, boma lingathe kupitiliza ...
Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2013 Ireland inakhalanso ndi ufulu wokhudzana ndi ndalama, koma Budget ya ku Ireland ya 2014 inalibe ndalama zowonongeka (kuphatikizapo bajeti sikumachepetsetsa katundu), ndipo chidziwitso cha Celtic Tiger sichikutheka.
Zomwe zimatchedwa Celtic Tiger Cubs
Mbadwo wobadwira mu zochitika izi (kapena kufika pa msinkhu pa nthawiyo) nthawi zambiri umatchedwa "Celtic Tiger Cubs". Nthawi ya bulangete kwa chibadwidwe cha a Irish omwe anabadwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990, omwe anakulira mu nthawi yosawerengeka. Chimene, chokha, chiri cholakwika - kusiyana pakati pa opeza ndalama ndi ochepa omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa anawonjezeka kwambiri pa nthawi ya Celtic Tiger, ndipo omwe ali m'mavuto sanadzipezeke okha. Malingaliro akuti "Celtic Tiger Cubs" ayenera kungotanthawuzira kwa iwo omwe anabadwa mmalo mwa "chigawo cha pakati," monga momwe kutanthauzidwa ndi ndalama kuposa china chirichonse.
A Celtic Tiger Cubs tsopano akuwoneka ngati "m'badwo wosiyana", mwinamwake ngakhale "m'badwo wotayika". Atakula ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka, maudindo ambiri omwe akuyembekezera, ndi kupembedza kugula kwambiri. Pokhala opanda chidziwitso cha "nthawi zovuta" (lingaliro lokhalo linalipo mu nkhani kuchokera ku mibadwo yakale), iwo anagwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka kwachuma monga fawn ndi sitimayi yofulumira.
Chiwerengero chochuluka cha a Celtic Tiger Cubs chinasiyidwanso kuti ntchito yapamwamba ikhale yopititsa patsogolo mwamsanga popanda maphunziro oyenera - kutsogolera chiwerengero cha anthu osagwira ntchito popanda maluso ogulitsa. Kuwonjezera apo, omaliza maphunziro omwe ali ndi "madigiri" amapitirira. Monga momwe a Tigeliti amachitira m'mbiri ya Irish , momwemonso ana ake ...