Kuchokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Queensland, Australia, Great Barrier Reef ndiyo njira yaikulu kwambiri yamchere ya padziko lapansi padziko lapansi. Amadutsa dera lamtunda wa makilomita 130,000 / 344,400 ndipo limapanga mafunde oposa 2,900. Malo Olemekezeka Padziko Lonse kuyambira 1981, amatha kuwona kuchokera ku malo ndipo ndi chithunzi cha ku Australia chogwirizana ndi Ayers Rock, kapena Uluru . Ndili ndi mitundu yoposa 9,000 yamadzi (ambiri mwa iwo amatha kuwonongeka), ndipo amapanga pafupifupi $ 6 biliyoni kudzera mu zokopa ndi nsomba chaka chilichonse.
Ngakhale kuti ali ndi chuma chamdziko, Great Barrier Reef wakhala akuvutitsidwa zaka zaposachedwapa ndi zifukwa zambiri za chilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe - kuphatikizapo kusodza nsomba, kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mu 2012, pepala lofalitsidwa ndi Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences linanenapo kuti mawotchiwa anali atataya kale theka la chivundikiro choyamba cha coral. Pambuyo pa masoka awiri omwe amatha kubwerera m'mbuyo kwa coral, asayansi tsopano akufufuza ngati kaya chachikulu chomwe chimamangidwa ndi zamoyo chili ndi tsogolo.
Zochitika Zatsopano
Mu April 2017, mauthenga ambirimbiri amanena kuti Great Barrier Reef anali pamphepete mwa imfa. Kufufuza kumeneku kunachitika pa kafukufuku wamlengalenga omwe adachitika ndi Australian Research Council's Center of Excellence kwa Coral Reef Studies, yomwe inanena kuti mafunde 800 anafufuzidwa, 20% anawonetsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi a coral. Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana pa gawo limodzi la magawo atatu a Great Barrier Reef.
Zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri poganiza kuti kumpoto kwachitatu kwa madzi a m'nyanjayi kunatayika ndi 95% ya chivundikiro cha coral mu chaka cha 2016.
Pamodzi, zochitika zamatsinje zakumbuyo kumbuyo kwa zaka ziwiri zapitazo zakhala zikuwonongeke kwambiri pa magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a mphepo yam'madzi.
Kumvetsetsa Kudzala Kwachinyengo
Pofuna kumvetsa kuopsa kwa zochitikazi, nkofunika kumvetsetsa momwe mazira a coral akuphatikizapo. Miyala yamchere ya Coral ili ndi mabiliyoni ambirimbiri a coral - zamoyo zomwe zimadalira chiyanjano ndi zamoyo zomwe zimatchedwa zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae zimatetezedwa ndi khungu la coral 'lolimba, ndipo amapereka mphala ndi zakudya ndi mpweya umene umapangidwa kudzera mu photosynthesis. Zooxanthellae imaperekanso makorali mtundu wake. Makorali akakhala atakakamizika, amachotsa zooxanthellae, kuwapatsa mawonekedwe oyera.
Chifukwa chofala kwambiri cha makorali ndikumapisa kutentha kwa madzi. Bleached coral si coral wakufa - ngati zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli, zooxanthellae zimatha kubwerera ndipo ma polyps akhoza kuchira. Komabe, ngati zinthu zikupitirirabe, mapepalawa amasiyidwa ndi matenda ndipo sangathe kukula kapena kubalana bwino. Kukhalitsa kwa nthawi yaitali sikutheka, ndipo ngati mapuloteni amaloledwa kufa, mwayi wokhoza kubwezeretsa mchere ndi wofanana.
Zotsatira za zaka ziwiri zapitazi zozizirazi zinadzazidwa ndi chimphepo Debbie, chomwe chinawononga kwambiri ku Great Barrier Reef ndi nyanja ya Queensland kumayambiriro kwa 2017.
Momwe Kuwonongeka Kwachitika
Chifukwa chachikulu cha kuphulika kwa miyala yamakorubi pa Great Barrier Reef ndiko kutentha kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umene umatulutsa mafuta (ku Australia ndi m'mayiko onse) wakhala akuchulukira kuyambira chiyambi cha Industrial Revolution. Magetsi amenewa amachititsa kutentha kwa dzuŵa kutsekedwa mkati mwa mlengalenga, kutulutsa kutentha pamtunda ndi m'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene kutentha kumamera, momwemonso ma corps monga miyala yomwe imapanga Great Barrier Reef ikugwedezeka kwambiri, potsirizira pake imawachititsa kutulutsa zooxanthellae.
Kusintha kwa nyengo kumayendanso kusintha kwa nyengo. Pambuyo pa chimphepo Debbie, asayansi ananeneratu kuti nyanja ya Coral idzawona mvula yamkuntho yochepa muzaka zisanafike - koma zomwe zikuchitika zidzakhala zazikulu kwambiri.
Zowonongeka zomwe zimapangidwira m'dera lamakono zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri zitha kuyembekezera kuwonjezeka mofanana.
Ku Australia, ntchito zaulimi ndi mafakitale ku gombe la Queensland zikuthandizanso kwambiri kuti mphepo ikhale yochepa. Zomwe zimatsukidwa m'nyanja kuchokera kumapulasi kumtunda zimakhudza mapuloteni a coral ndipo zimateteza kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti tifikitse zooxanthellae. Zakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka mu sediment zimayambitsa kusayanjana kwa mankhwala mumadzi, nthawi zina zimayambitsa zowonongeka. Mofananamo, kukula kwa mafakitale m'mphepete mwa nyanja kwawona kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa nyanja pamtunda chifukwa cha mapulojekiti akuluakulu odyera.
Nsomba zapamadzi ndizo zina zomwe zimawopsyeza thanzi labwino la Great Barrier Reef. Mu 2016, Ellen McArthur Foundation inanena kuti pokhapokha ngati mchitidwe wamasodzi ukusintha kwambiri, padzakhala mapulasitiki ambiri kuposa nsomba m'nyanja za mdziko pofika mu 2050. Chotsatira chake, kuchepa kwachinyama komwe kumadalira nyanjayi kumadalira chifukwa cha kupulumuka kwawo. Pa Great Barrier Reef, zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa nsomba zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphulika kobwerezabwereza kwa nyenyezi. Mitundu imeneyi yafalikira chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nyama zakutchire, kuphatikizapo nkhono yaikulu yamphongo ndi nsomba yamchere ya sweetlip.
Amadya mapepala a coral, ndipo amatha kuwononga matabwa akuluakulu ngati nambala yake yasiyidwa.
Tsogolo: Kodi Lingapulumutsidwe?
Zoonadi, malingaliro a Great Barrier Reef ndi osauka - kotero kuti mu 2016, Magazini Akunja anafalitsa "obituary" kwa mphepo yamkuntho, yomwe inapita mofulumira. Komabe, ngakhale kuti Great Barrier Reef ndimadwala, siziri zotsirizira. Mu 2015, boma la Australia linatulutsanso ndondomeko ya Kukhalitsa Kwanthawi yaitali ya Reef 2050, yomwe inakonzedwa kuti ipangitse thanzi lachilengedwe kuti ikhale yosungira malo ake monga UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ndondomekoyi yawonapo kupita patsogolo - kuphatikizapo kuletsa zinthu zowonongeka kudumphadwira mu Malo Olowa Padziko Lonse, komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ulimi wamakono ndi 28%.
Pomwe zikunenedwa, Australia ikudalira kwambiri kuyendetsa malasha ndi kutumiza kunja, ndipo boma lake ndi lodziwika bwino pankhani ya zachilengedwe. Zomwe zimachitika mu 2016 ndi 2017 zatsutsana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa Pulogalamu ya Sustainability kukwaniritsa zolinga zake. Padziko lonse lapansi, chisankho cha Trump kuchoka ku mgwirizanowu wa Paris chikuwonetsedwa ndi anthu ambiri monga umboni wakuti mpweya wa dziko lonse sudzatha kuchepetsedwa kuti uone kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa nyanja padziko lapansi.
Komabe, mtundu wina uliwonse (kupatulapo Syria ndi Nicaragua) unasaina mgwirizano, kotero pali chiyembekezo chakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kungasinthidwe, kapena kuchepa.
Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri
Kotero, ndi zonse zomwe ziri mu malingaliro, kodi nkuyenerabe kupita ku Great Barrier Reef? Chabwino, zimadalira. Ngati phokoso lamakono ndilo chifukwa chanu chochezera Australia, ndiye ayi, mwina ayi. Pali zambiri zambiri zopindulitsa scuba diving ndi snorkelling malo kwinakwake - kuyang'ana kumadera akutali monga kum'mawa Indonesia, Philippines ndi Micronesia mmalo mwake.
Komabe, ngati mukupita ku Australia chifukwa cha zifukwa zina, pali malo ena a Great Barrier Reef omwe adakali ofunika kuwunika. Gawo lakumtunda lakumtunda lakumtunda lakumtunda laling'ono laling'ono laling'ono laling'ono laling'ono silinayende bwino, ndipo madera akum'mwera kwa mzinda wa Townsville akuthawa zinthu zoipa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika posachedwa. Ndipotu, maphunziro ochokera ku Australian Institute of Marine Science amasonyeza kuti mbali ya kum'mwera ya corals ndi yodalirika kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zowonjezereka zapitirira zaka khumi zapitazi, zophimba zamchere zimakhala bwino m'dera lino.
Chifukwa china chabwino choyendera ndi chakuti ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makampani a Great Barrier Reef, ndizo zifukwa zazikulu zowonetsetsa kuti zosungirako zisungidwe. Ngati timasiya mafunde pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri, tingayembekezere bwanji kuuka kwa akufa?