Chikhalidwe cha Amaya ndi Chitukuko

Kuchokera Kalekale Kufika Patsiku Lino

Chitukuko cha Amaya chinali chimodzi mwa zitukuko zazikulu zomwe zinayambira ku Mesoamerica yakale. Amadziwika chifukwa cha zolemba zake, mawerengero ndi kalendala, komanso zojambulajambula komanso zomangamanga. Chikhalidwe cha Amaya chimakhala kumadera amodzi komwe chitukuko chake chinayambika koyamba, kumwera kwa Mexico ndi gawo lina la Central America, ndipo pali anthu mamiliyoni ambiri omwe amalankhula zinenero za Mayai (zomwe zilipo zambiri).

Amaya Achikulire

Amaya anali kudera lamadera akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mexico ndi mayiko a Central America a Guatemala, Belize, Honduras ndi El Salvador. Chikhalidwe cha Mayan chinayamba kukula mu nyengo ya Pre-Classic, cha m'ma 1000 BCE. ndipo anali atatsala pang'ono kufika pakati pa 300 ndi 900 CE. Amaya akale amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kulembedwa kwawo, zomwe gawo lalikulu likhoza kuwerengedwa tsopano (ndilo gawo lalikulu lazaka za m'ma 2000), komanso masamu awo apamwamba, zakuthambo ndi ziwerengero za calendrical.

Ngakhale kuti ankagawana mbiri yakale ndi zikhalidwe zina, chikhalidwe cha Chimaya chakale chinali chosiyana kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha malo komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zinayambira.

Onani mapu a Maya.

Kulemba Maya

Amaya analinganiza zolemba zambiri zomwe zapangidwa kwambiri m'ma 1980. Izi zisanachitike, akatswiri ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti kulembedwa kwa Maya kunagwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhani zamakono ndi zakuthambo, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti Maya anali amtendere, omwe ankawerenga nyenyezi.

Pamene ma May glyphs adatsimikiziridwa, zinaonekeratu kuti Amaya adali ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi monga maiko ena a ku America .

Masamu, Kalendala ndi Astronomy

Amaya Achikale ankagwiritsa ntchito nambala yochokera ku zizindikiro zitatu zokha: dontho imodzi, bar ya asanu ndi chipolopolo chomwe chinkaimira zero.

Pogwiritsira ntchito zero ndi malo olemba, adatha kulemba ziwerengero zazikulu ndikuchita ntchito zovuta zamasamu. Anapanganso dongosolo lapadera la kalendala lomwe adatha kuwerengera kayendetsedwe ka mwezi komanso kulengezeratu nyengo zakuthambo ndi zochitika zina zakuthambo mwachindunji.

Chipembedzo ndi Nthano

Amaya anali ndi chipembedzo cholimba chokhala ndi milungu yambirimbiri. Mu dziko lonse la Mayan, ndege yomwe tikukhalamo ndi imodzi yokha ya mlengalenga yambiri yomwe ili ndi miyamba 13 ndi 9 pansi. Ndege iliyonse imayendetsedwa ndi mulungu wina komanso amakhala ndi ena. Hunab Ku anali mulungu mulungu ndi milungu ina yambiri anali ndi udindo wa mphamvu zachilengedwe, monga Chac, mulungu wamvula.

Olamulira a Maya ankawoneka kuti ndi aumulungu ndipo anawatsatira mabadwidwe awo kumbuyo kuti atsimikizire mbadwa zawo kuchokera kwa milungu. Zikondwerero zachipembedzo za Maya zinaphatikizapo masewera a mpira, nsembe yaumunthu ndi kuika magazi m'madera omwe olemekezeka anathyola malirime awo kapena ziwalo zawo zamagazi kukhetsa mwazi monga nsembe kwa milungu.

Zakale Zakale

Kufika pa mizinda yodalirika yomwe inkapezeka ndi zomera pakati pa nkhalango inachititsa kuti akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi ofufuzira amadzifunse kuti: Ndani anamanga mizinda yochititsa chidwiyi kuti asiye?

Ena ankaganiza kuti Aroma kapena Afoinike anali ndi udindo wa zomangamanga zokongolazi; chifukwa cha mafuko awo, zinali zovuta kukhulupirira kuti anthu amtundu wa Mexico ndi Central America akhoza kukhala ndi udindo wodabwitsa, zomangamanga ndi zamisiri.

Werengani za malo ofukulidwa m'mabwinja a Peninsula Yucatan .

Kukumana kwa Amaya Civilization

Pali zifukwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa mizinda yakale ya Maya. Zolingalira zambiri zaperekedwa, kuyambira ku masoka achilengedwe (mliri, chivomezi, chilala) ku nkhondo. Masiku ano akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zina zinapangitsa kuti ufumu wa Maya uwonongedwe, womwe mwina unabwera chifukwa cha chilala komanso nkhalango.

Chikhalidwe cha Amaya masiku ano

Amaya sanaleke kukhalapo pamene mizinda yawo yakale inayamba kuchepa.

Amakhala lero m'madera omwe makolo awo amakhala. Ngakhale chikhalidwe chawo chasintha pakapita nthawi, Maya ambiri amasunga chinenero chawo ndi miyambo yawo. Pali oposa 750,000 omwe amalankhula za mayan omwe amakhala ku Mexico lero (molingana ndi INEGI) ndi ena ambiri ku Guatemala, Honduras ndi El Salvador. Chipembedzo cha Amaya masiku ano ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa wa Chikatolika ndi miyambo komanso miyambo yakale. Anthu ena a mtundu wa Lacandon amakhalanso ndi chikhalidwe chamtundu wa Lacandon m'chigawo cha Chiapas .

Werengani zambiri zokhudza Amaya

Michael D. Coe adalemba mabuku okondweretsa a Maya ngati mukufuna kuwerenga zambiri za chikhalidwe chodabwitsa ichi.