Chidule Chachidule cha Kusintha kwa Mexico 1910-1920
Mexico inadutsa mu mpikisano wandale komanso waumphawi pakati pa 1910 ndi 1920. Chipolowe cha Mexican chinachitika panthawi ino, kuyambira kuyesa kuchotsa pulezidenti Porfirio Diaz. Lamulo latsopano lomwe linaphatikizapo malingaliro ambiri a Revolution linakhazikitsidwa mu 1917 koma chiwawa sichinatha mpaka A Álvaro Obregón asandulike pulezidenti mu 1920. Nazi zina mwazifukwa zomwe zasinthira ndi kusintha kwa zotsatira zake.
Kutsutsidwa kwa Diaz
Porfirio Diaz wakhala ali ndi mphamvu kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu pamene adayankha ndi wolemba nyuzipepala waku America James Creelman mu 1908 pomwe adanena kuti Mexico inali yokonzeka kuti demokarasi ikhalepo ndipo pulezidenti kuti amutsatire ayenera kusankha chisankho cha demokarasi. Iye adanena kuti akuyembekeza kupanga maphwando otsutsa. Francisco Madero, loya wochokera ku Coahuila , anatenga Diaz m'mawu ake ndipo adaganiza zomutsutsa mu chisankho cha 1910.
Diaz (yemwe mwachiwonekere sanali kutanthawuza kwenikweni zomwe ananena ku Creelman) adalamula Madero kuti adziwonetse yekha kuti wapambana chisankho. Madero analemba mapulani a San Luis Potosi omwe adaitana anthu a ku Mexico kuti amenyane ndi pulezidenti pa November 20, 1910.
Zifukwa za kusintha kwa Mexico:
- Ulamuliro wotsutsa ulamuliro wa Pofirio Diaz kwa zaka zoposa 30
- Kugwiritsira ntchito komanso kulandira bwino antchito
- Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa olemera ndi osauka
Banja la Serdeya la Puebla, pokonzekera kuti liyanjane ndi Madero, linali ndi zida m'nyumba zawo pamene zidapezeka pa November 18, masiku awiri asanayambe kusintha. Nkhondo yoyamba ya chisinthiko inachitikira panyumba pawo, tsopano nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yoperekedwa ku revolution .
Madero, pamodzi ndi othandizira ake, Francisco "Pancho" Villa, omwe anatsogolera asilikali kumpoto, ndi Emiliano Zapata, omwe anatsogolera asilikali a msasa ku kulira kwa "¡Tierra y Libertad!" (Land and Freedom!) Kum'mwera, adapambana kugonjetsa Diaz, yemwe anathawira ku France kumene anakhalabe ku ukapolo mpaka imfa yake mu 1915.
Madero anasankhidwa purezidenti. Mpaka pomwe, otsutsawo anali ndi cholinga chimodzi, koma ndi Madero monga purezidenti, kusiyana kwawo kunakhala koonekera. Zapata ndi Villa anali akulimbana ndi machitidwe a zachuma ndi agrarian, pomwe Madero adali ndi chidwi chokonza kusintha kwa ndale.
Pa November 25th, 1911, Zapata analengeza Plan de Ayala yomwe inanena kuti cholinga cha kusintha kwa dzikoli chinali choti nthaka iziperekedwenso pakati pa osauka. Iye ndi otsatira ake anatsutsa Madero ndi boma lake. Kuchokera pa February 9 mpaka 19th, 1913, Decena Tragica (masiku khumi ovuta) anachitika ku Mexico City .
General Victoriano Huerta, yemwe anali kutsogolera asilikali a federal, adatembenuza Madero ndikumuika m'ndende. Huerta ndiye adatenga udindo wa pulezidenti ndipo adalamula kuti Madero ndi Purezidenti Jose Maria Pino Suarez aphedwe.
Venustiano Carranza
Mu March 1913, Venustiano Carranza, bwanamkubwa wa Coahuila, adalengeza Plan yake ya Guadalupe , yomwe idakana boma la Huerta ndikukonza ndondomeko ya Madero. Anapanga gulu la Constitutionalist, ndipo Villa, Zapata ndi Orozco analowa naye ndipo anagonjetsa Huerta mu July 1914.
Ku Convencion de Aguascalientes ya 1914, kusiyana pakati pa otsutsawo kunadza kutsogolo.
Villistas, Zapatistas ndi Carrancistas anagawa. Carranza, kuteteza zofuna za anthu apamwamba akugwirizana ndi United States. Villa anawoloka malire ku US ndipo anaukira Columbus, New Mexico. A US adatumiza asilikali ku Mexico kukamgwira koma sanathe. Kum'mwera kwa Zapata anagawa malo ndikuwapereka kumisasa, koma pomalizira pake anakakamizidwa kuti athawire kumapiri.
Mu 1917 Carranza anapanga malamulo atsopano omwe adabweretsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Zapata anapitiriza kusamvera kwawo kum'mwera mpaka anaphedwa pa April 10, 1919. Carranza anakhalabe pulezidenti mpaka 1920, pamene Älvaro Obregón anagwira ntchito. Villa anakhululukidwa mu 1920, koma anaphedwa pa munda wake mu 1923.
Zotsatira za kusintha
Kupanduka kumeneku kunapambana pochotsa Porfirio Diaz, ndipo kuyambira potsutsa pulezidenti palibe pulezidenti wakhala akulamulira kwa zaka zambiri kuposa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Pulezidenti wa PP ( Partido Revolucionario Institucionalizado - chipani cha Institutionalized Revolutionary Party) chinali chipatso cha kusintha, ndipo anakhalabe pulezidenti kuyambira nthawi ya kusintha mpaka Vicente Fox wa PAN (Partido de Accion Nacional - National Action Party) asankhidwa pulezidenti mu 2000.
Werengani nkhani yowonjezereka ya kusintha kwa Mexico.