Ngakhale atamwalira mu 2013, Nelson Mandela, yemwe kale anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la South Africa, amalemekezedwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati mmodzi wa atsogoleri otchuka komanso okondedwa kwambiri masiku ano. Iye adayamba zaka zambiri akulimbana ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa mafuko omwe akupitilizidwa ndi ulamuliro wa chigawenga wa South Africa, womwe adakhala nawo m'ndende kwa zaka 27. Atatha kumasulidwa ndi kutha kwa chikhalidwe cha azakhazikiti, Mandela adasankhidwa kukhala demokalase ngati president wa ku South Africa wakuda wakuda.
Anapatulira nthawi yake pochiritsa anthu a ku South Africa, komanso kulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Ubwana
Nelson Mandela anabadwa pa July 18th 1918 ku Mvezu, gawo la chigawo cha Transkei cha South Africa m'chigawo cha Eastern Cape . Bambo ake, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, anali mtsogoleri wa kuderali komanso mbadwa ya mfumu ya Thembu; Mayi ake, Nosekeni Fanny, anali achitatu mwa akazi a Mphakanyiswa. Mandela adatchedwa Rohlilahla, dzina lachi Xhosa lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti "troublemaker"; anapatsidwa dzina lachingelezi Nelson ndi mphunzitsi ku sukulu yake ya pulayimale.
Mandela adakulira mumudzi wa amayi ake a Qunu mpaka adakali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, pamene bambo ake adamwalira adakwatiwa ndi Thembu Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mandela, Mandela adayamba maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha Xhosa ndipo analembetsa sukulu ndi sukulu zambiri, kuchokera ku Clarkebury Boarding Institute kupita ku yunivesite ya Fort Hare.
Pano, adayamba kulowerera ndale za ophunzira, zomwe adaziimitsa. Mandela adachoka ku sukulu popanda maphunziro, ndipo posakhalitsa adathawira ku Johannesburg kuti apulumuke ukwati wokonzeka.
Politics - The Early Years
Ku Johannesburg, Mandela adayesa BA kupyolera mu University of South Africa (UNISA) ndipo adalembetsa ku Wits University.
Iye adadziwidwanso ku African National Congress (ANC), gulu la anti-imperialist limene linakhulupirira kuti dziko la South Africa lidziimira payekha, kudzera mwa abwenzi atsopano, Walter Sisulu. Mandela adayamba kulembera nkhani za bizinesi ya Johannesburg, ndipo mu 1944 anakhazikitsa bungwe la Youth League limodzi ndi Oliver Tambo. Mu 1951, anakhala purezidenti wa Youth League, ndipo patatha chaka, anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa ANC ku Transvaal.
1952 anali chaka chotanganidwa cha Mandela. Anakhazikitsa boma la South African black law firm ndi Tambo, amene pambuyo pake adzakhala mtsogoleri wa ANC. Anakhalanso mmodzi mwa anthu omanga nyumba a Youth League's Campaign kuti Akhazikitsidwe ndi Malamulo Osalungama, pulogalamu ya kusamvera malamulo kwa anthu. Khama lake linamuthandiza kuti asamangokhalira kumutsimikizira kuti akutsutsa Chigamulo cha Communism Act. Mu 1956, anali mmodzi mwa anthu 156 amene anaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsa boma pa mlandu umene unayambitsidwa kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu usanathe kugwa.
Padakali pano, adagwira ntchito kumbuyo kuti apange malamulo a ANC. Nthawi zonse ankamangidwa ndi kuletsedwa kupezeka pamisonkhano ya anthu, nthawi zambiri ankapita kukabisala komanso kutchulidwa mayina kuti asamapezeke apolisi.
Kumenyana
Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Sharpeville m'chaka cha 1960, bungwe la ANC linaletsedwa ndipo maganizo a Mandela ndi anzake ena anakhazikitsa chikhulupiriro kuti nkhondo yokhayokha inali yokwanira.
Pa December 16, 1961, bungwe latsopano la asilikali lotchedwa Umkhonto we Sizwe ( Spear of the Nation), linakhazikitsidwa. Mandela anali mtsogoleri wawo. Pazaka ziwiri zotsatira adagonjetsa oposa 200 ndipo adatumizira anthu 300 kuti apite kudziko lina kukaphunzira usilikali - kuphatikizapo Mandela mwiniwake.
Mu 1962, Mandela anamangidwa atabwerera kudzikoli ndipo anamangidwa kwa zaka zisanu m'ndende chifukwa choyenda popanda pasipoti. Anapanga ulendo wake woyamba ku Robben Island , koma posakhalitsa anasamutsira ku Pretoria kuti akayanjane ndi anthu ena khumi, kutsutsa milandu yatsopano yowonongeka. Pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi itatu ya Rivonia Trial - yomwe idatchulidwa kudera la Rivonia komwe Umkhonto we Sizwe adakhala nawo, Liliesleaf Farm - Mandela adalankhula mwachikondi kuchokera ku doko. Ilo linalankhula kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi:
'Ndamenyana ndi ulamuliro woyera, ndipo ndamenyana ndi ulamuliro wakuda. Ndayamikira kwambiri ufulu wa demokalase komanso ufulu wa anthu omwe anthu onse amakhala pamodzi mogwirizana ndi mwayi wofanana. Ndi zabwino zomwe ndikuyembekeza kudzakhala nazo ndi kuzikwaniritsa. Koma ngati ziyenera kukhala ziri zabwino zomwe ndikukonzekera kufa.
Mlanduwu unatha ndi anthu asanu ndi atatu omwe adatsutsidwa, kuphatikizapo Mandela adapezeka kuti ali ndi mlandu ndikuweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende. Mandela atakhala nthawi yaitali ku Robben Island wayamba.
Long Walk to Freedom
Mu 1982, atakhala m'ndende zaka 18 ku Robben Island, Mandela adasamutsidwa kundende ya Pollsmoor ku Cape Town ndipo kuchokera mu December 1988 anapita kundende ya Victor Verster ku Paarl. Iye anakana zopereka zambiri kuti adziwe kuti nyumba zakuda zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa panthawi ya kundende, zomwe zikanamuthandiza kubwerera ku Transkei (tsopano ndi boma lodziimira yekha) ndikukhala moyo wake kudziko lina. Iye anakana kuti asiye zachiwawa, akusiya kukambirana mpaka iye atakhala mfulu.
Mu 1985 komabe iye anayamba 'kukambirana za nkhani' ndi Mtumiki Wachilungamo, Kobie Coetsee, kuchokera kundende yake. Njira yobisika yolankhulirana ndi utsogoleri wa ANC ku Lusaka inakonzedwa. Pa February 11th 1990, adamasulidwa m'ndende pambuyo pa zaka 27, m'chaka chomwe chiletso cha ANC chinachotsedwa ndipo Mandela anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa ANC. Chilankhulo chake chochokera ku khonde la Cape Town City Hall ndi phokoso lopambana la 'Amandla! '(' Mphamvu! ') Inali nthawi yofotokoza mbiri ya ku Africa. Nkhani zingayambe mwachangu.
Moyo Atatha Kumangidwa
Mu 1993, Mandela ndi Pulezidenti FW de Klerk analandira limodzi mphoto ya Nobel Peace chifukwa cha kuyesa kwawo kuthetsa ulamuliro wa chigawenga. Chaka chotsatira, pa April 27, 1994, South Africa inachita chisankho choyamba cha demokarasi. ANC idapambana, ndipo pa May 10th 1994, Nelson Mandela analumbirira kukhala Pulezidenti woyamba wakuda, wokhala ndi demokalase ku South Africa. Anayankhula mwamsanga za chiyanjanitso, akuti:
'Sipadzakhalanso konse konse kuti dziko lokongola ili lidzakumananso ndi kuponderezana kwa wina ndi mzake ndi kuzunzidwa ndi kukhala kanyumba kadziko. Ufulu ukhale wolamulira. '
Panthawi yake monga pulezidenti, Mandela adakhazikitsa Komiti ya Choonadi ndi Chiyanjanitso, cholinga chake chinali kufufuzira zolakwa zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi mbali zonse za nkhondo pakati pa chiwawa. Iye adayambitsa malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi zachuma omwe adalimbikitsa kuthetsa umphawi wa anthu akuda, komanso akuyesetsa kukonza mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ku South Africa. Panthawiyi South Africa inadziwika kuti "Rainbow Nation".
Boma la Mandela linali la mitundu yambiri, malamulo ake atsopano adawonetsa chikhumbo chake chogwirizana kuti a South Africa azigwirizana, ndipo mu 1995 adalimbikitsa kwambiri anthu akuda ndi azungu kuti athandize gulu la rugby la South Africa - zomwe zinapambana kuti apambane mu 1995 Rugby World Chikho.
Moyo Wapadera
Mandela adakwatira katatu. Iye anakwatira mkazi wake woyamba, Evelyn, mu 1944 ndipo adali ndi ana anayi asanakwatirane mu 1958. Chaka chotsatira anakwatira Winnie Madikizela, yemwe anali ndi ana awiri. Winnie anali ndi udindo waukulu pakupanga Mandela mbiri kudzera mwachangu chomasula Nelson kuchokera ku Robben Island. Mkwatibwi sungathe kupulumuka ntchito zina za Winnie ngakhale. Iwo adagawidwa mu 1992 atatsimikiziridwa kuti akugwira ndi kuwombera, ndipo anasudzulana mu 1996.
Mandela adatayika ana ake atatu - Makaziwe, yemwe adamwalira ali mwana, mwana wake Thembekile, amene anaphedwa pangozi ya galimoto pamene Mandela anamangidwa ku Robben Island ndi Makgatho, amene adamwalira ndi AIDS. Ukwati wake wachitatu, pa tsiku la kubadwa kwake kwachisanu ndi chitatu, mu Julayi 1998, unali wa Graça Machel, mkazi wamasiye wa pulezidenti wa Mozambique Samora Machel. Iye anakhala yekhayo mkazi mu dziko kuti akwatire awiri azidindo a mayiko osiyanasiyana. Iwo adakwatirana ndipo adali kumbali yake pamene adadutsa pa December 5th 2013.
Zaka Zapitazo
Mandela adatsika kukhala Pulezidenti mu 1999, pambuyo pa nthawi yomwe adakhalapo. Anapezeka kuti ali ndi kansa ya prostate mu 2001 ndipo adachoka pampando pazochitika zapadera m'chaka cha 2004. Komabe, adapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mwakachetechete m'malo mwa chithandizo chake, Nelson Mandela Foundation, Foundation ya Nelson Mandela Children's and Foundation Mandela.
Mu 2005 iye adalowerera m'malo mwa anthu odwala Edzi ku South Africa, akuvomereza kuti mwana wake wamwalira ndi matendawa. Ndipo pa tsiku la kubadwa kwake 89 adakhazikitsa a Elders, gulu la akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Mary Robinson ndi Desmond Tutu pakati pa zizindikiro zina zapadziko lapansi, kupereka "kutsogolera mavuto a dziko lapansi". Mandela anafalitsa mbiri yake, Long Walk to Freedom , mu 1995, ndipo Museum ya Nelson Mandela inayamba kutsegulidwa mu 2000.
Nelson Mandela anafera kunyumba kwake ku Johannesburg pa December 5th 2013 ali ndi zaka 95, atakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ndi matenda. Olemekezeka ochokera kudziko lonse lapansi akupita ku chikumbutso ku South Africa kukakumbukira mmodzi wa atsogoleri akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhaniyi inasinthidwa ndikulembedwanso mbali ndi Jessica Macdonald pa December 2, 2016.