Mishoni Yachiyuda ku South America

Mishoni Yachiyuda ku South America

Ansembe a Sosaiti ya Yesu, omwe amadziwika kuti Asitesi, omwe adayambitsa mautumiki a ku Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay ndi Paraguay sankaganiza kuti tsiku lina mabwinja a malo awo, akulu kapena ang'ono, khalani pa dera la alendo.

Alendo amabwera kukaona mabwinja, mipingo yambiri, zojambula zojambulajambula zojambula kuchokera ku European art of the day, ndi njira ya utsogoleri wachikhalidwe, wogwira ntchito zabwino zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mautumiki a Yesuitulu akhale osiyana kwambiri ndi oyang'anira madera ena ku Latin America.

Pofuna kuthetsa lamulo la encomienda momwe mafuko am'deralo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ntchito zawo, Ajetiiti adapempha lingaliro lopatulika lomwe lirilonse, lomwe limatchedwa reducción kapena redução m'Chipwitikizi, linakhazikitsidwa monga chikhalidwe ndi zachuma Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yobweretsa chipembedzo cha Roma Katolika kwa anthu ammudzi, makamaka mafuko a Guaraní, kudzera mu maphunziro auzimu, maphunziro, ntchito zamalonda ndi malonda. Mautumiki awa angapange msonkho kwa korona wa Spain monga "malipiro" pochoka m'madera olamulidwa ndi a Yesuit. Panali ansembe awiri omwe amapatsidwa ntchito iliyonse yochepetsera , aliyense ali ndi ntchito zosiyana.

The Guaraní anali alimi otchuka kuti anali amphamvu kwambiri. Pansi pa dongosolo lochepetsera , iwo ankakhala pakati pawo ndikubweretsa luso lawo la ulimi. Iwo adaphunzira maphunziro apamwamba ndi zamisiri monga kukalipentala, kufufuta khungu, kukonza, luso, kukonza mabuku ndi kukonzekera malemba.

Anyamata olonjezedwa kwambiri anapatsidwa maphunziro apamwamba, maphunziro apamwamba. Gulu la Guaraní linayamba kuwerengera, ndipo maluso awo omangamanga adadziwika kuti baroque ya Guaraní. Amwenyewa ankagwira ntchito m'mayiko amtunduwu, anali ndi tsiku lalifupi la ntchito ndi nthawi yopereka miyambo yachipembedzo, masewera, maphunziro ndi nyimbo.

Kukula kwa chilengedwe ndi luso lachithunzi kunatsogoleredwa ku mipingo yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakuya komanso zomangamanga m'misitanidwe. AJesititi potetezerawo adatchinjiriza mafuko ku "zisonkhezero zoipa" ndikuzunzidwa ndi Azungu. Ndipotu, popeza m'madera amenewa a ku South America anali kutali ndi korona wa ku Spain ndi ku Portugal, Ajetiiti adalenga madera awo enieni.

Kwa zaka 150 zotsatira, maumishoniwo adakula ndikukhala mizinda yaying'ono, olemera kwambiri komanso malo ophunzirira komanso ntchito zamakono a mafuko a ku India. The reducciónes anali ndi kalembedwe kawo, koma onse anali nawo dongosolo limodzi la bungwe. Pozungulira malo a mudziwo ndi mtanda wake ndi chifanizo cha woyera waumishonalewo, anali tchalitchi, koleji, tchalitchi komanso nyumba za anthu a ku India. Chokhachokhacho chinaperekanso nyumba kwa akazi amasiye, chipatala, ma workshop ambiri kuti apange zinthu zamakono komanso malo osungira katundu.

Pamene iwo akukula, midzi yomwe idagwira ntchitoyo idakhazikitsa chidziwitso cha Spain, Portugal, ndi Papa Clement XIV omwe ankawopa kuti Ajetiiti anali akukhala amphamvu kwambiri, odziimira okha. Mu 1756, asilikali a ku Spain ndi Apolishi adagonjetsa mautumikiwo, kupha ambiri ndikusiya zochepetsetsa ndi zochepetsedwa . Anthu amtunduwo omwe adathawa adathawa, ndipo Ajetiiti adachotsedwa ku South America, monga adachokera ku mbali zina za dziko lapansi.

Komabe, mzimu wawo umakhalabe m'mabwinja a mautumiki ambiri: magawo asanu ndi limodzi ochepetsedwa ku Argentina, zisanu ndi ziwiri ku Paraguay ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Brazil tsopano.

Mautumiki oyambirira anali ku Brazil, kuyambira mu 1609, koma anasiya m'zaka za m'ma 1640 atagonjetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi Paulistas, wochokera ku Sao Paulo, omwe adayambitsidwa ndi Majesuits mu 1554. Patapita nthawi amishonale anali okonzekera kubwezeretsa bandeirantes , Chipwitikizi ndi theka Ankhondo a ku India omwe anali akapolo a ku Brazil.

Ku Paraguay, malo amishonalewa anali pakati pa mitsinje ya Tebicuary y Paraná yomwe tsopano ili maofesi a Misiones ndi Itapúa. Onani mapu awa.

San Ignacio Guazú (1610)
Kuchokera kwa Yesuit koyamba ku Paraguay kuli mumzinda wa San Ignacio de las Misiones, 226 Km kuchokera ku Asunción. Nyumba yosungirako ntchito yaumishonale imayimira zowonongeka zonse za Yesuit ndi mndandanda wa njira ya umishonale.

Santos Cosme y Damián (1632)
Ali mumzinda wa Santos Cosme y Damián, 342 Km kuchokera ku Asunción, ntchitoyi inali yosungirako zakuthambo ndi sukulu.

Santa María de Fé (1647)
Ku Santa María, 240 Km kuchokera ku Asunción, pafupi ndi Ciudad de San Ignacio, ntchitoyi imamangidwa pamlingo waukulu. Ili ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi zomveka za zomangamanga ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Santiago (1651)
Ntchito imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa malo abwino kwambiri omwe amachitika. Nyumba za Amwenye zimadutsa pakatikati pa malo pomwe pali zipilala ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Ali mumzinda wa Santiago, womwe uli pakati pa Fiesta de la Tradición Misionera .

Mayiko ena a Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil ndi Uruguay omwe ali patsamba lotsatira.

• Jesús del Tavarangué (1685)
  Wina amatchedwa Patrimonio Universal de la Humanidad ndi UNESCO mu 1993, ndipo ali mu Ciudad de Jesús, ntchitoyi ili kumalo okongola ndipo ndi imodzi mwa mapuloteni otchedwa Jesuit reducciónes .
• Santa Rosa de Lima (1698)
  248 Km otentha Asunción mumzinda wa Santa Rosa, ntchitoyi imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha zomangamanga ndi Capilla de Loreto.
• Trinidad del Paraná (1706)
  Anatchedwanso kuti Patrimonio Universal de la Humanidad ndi UNESCO mu 1993, uwu unali womalizira pa mapulani a Yesuit ku Paraguay ndipo ndiwo omwe amachitikira kawirikawiri. Mpingo waukulu, sukulu, zokambirana, nyumba, manda, munda wa zipatso ndi musemu zimapereka chidwi pa moyo ndi nzeru za mautumiki.

  Argentina:
  Maumishoni ambiri ali pakati pa malire a Paraguay ndi Brazil, m'chigawo cha Missiones.

• San Jose de Lules
• San Ignacio Miní (1732)
• San Ignacio Miní's Mission, Nuestra Señora de Loreto, Santa Ana, Santa Maria Mayi
• Corpus, San Carlos, San José, Martires, San Javier, Conception, Apostoles, Santo Tomé, Yapeiu, La Cruz, Candelaria
• Sao Lourenco Martir , tsopano wotchedwa San Lorenzo m'dera la Parana.
• San Nicolas , yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Brazil ndipo idasamukira ku chigawo cha Missiones tsopano chitetezo ndi bandeirantes .
• Santa Ana , yemwe anayambira ku Brazil ndipo anasamukira ku malowa pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Parana.

  Bolivia:
  Mautumikiwa ali m'chigawo cha Chiquitania kuchokera ku Santa Cruz, kum'maŵa kudutsa Río Grande kupita kumalire ndi Brazil. Maumishoni, omwe anamangidwa pakati pa 1696 ndi 1760, adatchedwa "World Heritage" ndi Komiti ya UNESCO World Heritage Committee mu 1990.

• San Javier 1691, inali ntchito yoyamba ku Bolivia. Tchalitchi chake "ndi nyumba yotsika yaitali, denga likutsika mofulumira kukonza veranda kumbali ndi khonde lakuya kutsogolo. Pali kanyumba kumbali imodzi, ndi botolo lotseguka la matabwa. Mkati mwa mpingo ndi mzere wosavuta ndi mizere iwiri ya zipilala zazikulu, iliyonse yojambula kuchokera mumtengo umodzi, akuyenda kupita ku guwa la nsembe. Mitengo imatengedwa mu mitundu iwiri, yofiirira yofiira yopangidwa kuchokera ku dziko lapansi, ndi wakuda kuchokera ku msuzi. Pamwamba pa guwa pali zojambula - zosavomerezeka ndi zikhalidwe za a Yesuit, koma zokondweretsa - kunena nkhani ya Ajetiiti. Kutsekedwa usana, usiku usiku, tchalitchi chimakhala ndi moyo pamene makina opangira magetsi akuyaka ndi kuwala ndipo nsanja imadzaza ntchito yamadzulo. "
  Mautumiki a Yesuit a Bolivia:
• San Ramón
• San Ignacio de Velazco
• Concepción
• Santa Ana (1637)
• San José de Chiquitos
• San Jose
• San Francisco Javier, Conception, San Miguel, San Rafael
• Sao Joaquin (1747), San Estanislao (1747), Belen (1760)

  Brazil:

• Sao Miguel Arcanjo (das Missoes) (1687) , pafupi ndi mzinda wa Santo Angelo, "Walembedwa ndi Unesco monga Malo Olowa Padziko Lonse, mabwinja a tchalitchi cha São Miguel ndiwo chizindikiro chachikulu ku Brazil cha chitukuko cha amishonale. Yopangidwa ndi wansembe wa Yesuit ndi João Batista Promoli, tchalitchichi ndi chitsanzo cha zomangamanga za amishonale, zozizwitsa ndi malamulo a Renaissance omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi Vignola ku tchalitchi cha Gesu ku Rome. Malo amodzi mwazipangidwe zachipembedzo m'midzi ya Ajeititi, adakali ndi mabwinja a makoma, magawo, mipando, mipando ndi bell tower, ndipo, monga malo ofunikira a dziko lapansi, asungidwa ndi kubwezeretsedwa ndi Ministry of Culture. Pafupi ndi iyo ndi Museum of Missões, kumene zithunzi zamakono ndi zomangamanga zikuwonetsedwa ndipo pali kumanganso malo okhala ndi nyumba za Indian ndi mlengi wa Lucio Costa. "
• San Luis Gonzaga ndi Santo Angel Custodio Missions
• Santo Angelo (1706), Sao Francisco de Borja (1682), Sao Nicolau, Sao Luiz Gonzaga, Sao Lourenço Martir (1690), Sao Joao Batista (1697)

  Uruguay:

• San Juan Bautista m'tsiku lamakono Colonia de Sacramento, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Apwitikizi.

  kuti mufike kuntchito iliyonse, fufuzani ndege kuchokera kumudzi wanu. Mukhozanso kuyang'ana pa hotela ndi kukwera galimoto.

  Kodi mwapita ku maofesi a Yesuit? Ngati ndi choncho, onetsani zomwe mukukumana nazo pamsonkhano.

  Buen viaje!