Kubadwa kwa mtsinje, mapiri ndi malo okongola
Mtsinje wa Orinoco ndi umodzi mwa waukulu kwambiri ku South America, womwe umachokera kumalire a kumwera kwa Venezuela ndi Brazil, ku Amazonas. Kutalika kwa mtsinjewu kumakhalabe kosawerengeka, ndi kuyerekezera pakati pa 1,500 mpaka 1,700 mi kilomita (yaitali 2,410-2,735), kuzipanga kukhala pakati pa mtsinje waukulu kwambiri wa mtsinje.
Mtsinje wa Orinoco ndi waukulu, wokhala pakati pa 880,000 ndi 1,200,000 sq km.
Dzina lakuti Orinoco limachokera ku mawu a Guarauno omwe amatanthauza kuti "malo okumbirako" -i, malo othawirako.
Amayendayenda kumadzulo, kumpoto kutsogolo, akukhazikitsa malire ndi Colombia, kenako amayang'ana kum'mawa ndi ku Venezuela akupita ku Atlantic. Kumpoto kwa Orinoco ndi mapiri akuluakulu a udzu wotchedwa llanos . Kum'mwera kwa mtsinjewo ndi pafupifupi theka la gawo la Venezuela. Madera akuluakulu a m'nkhalango zam'mapiri amawunikira mbali ya kumadzulo chakumadzulo, ndipo mbali zazikuluzikulu sizingatheke. Guiana Highlands, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Guyana Shield, ili ndi zina zotsala. Guyana Shield imapangidwa ndi chingwe choyambirira cha Cambriam, mpaka zaka 2.5 biliyoni, ndipo ena akale kwambiri pa dziko lonse lapansi. Pano pali matope , miyala yamatabwa yotulutsira kunja kwa nkhalango. Rewu yotchuka kwambiri ndi Roraima ndi Auyantepui, komwe Angel Falls akuchokera.
Mitsinje yoposa 200 ndizokhalitsa ku Orinoco lamphamvu yomwe imatha makilomita 2150 (2150 km) kuchokera kumtsinje kupita ku delta.
Nthawi yamvula, mtsinjewu umadutsa pa mtunda wa makilomita 22 ku San Rafael de Barrancas ndi kuya kwa mamita 100. Makilomita 1670 a Orinoco ali apansi, ndipo pafupifupi 341 mwa iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito popita sitima zazikulu.
Mtsinje wa Orinoco uli ndi madera anayi.
Alto Orinoco
The Orinoco imayamba pa phiri la Delgado Chalbaud, mtsinje waukulu, wopapatiza ndi mathithi komanso zovuta, madera. Chodabwitsa kwambiri chikugwera m'dera lino, pa 56 ft (17 mamita) ndi Salto Libertador. Kuyenda, ngati n'kotheka pa gawo ili la mtsinjewu, ndikutsika pang'ono, kapena bwato. Makilomita 100 kuchoka pa gwero, woyamba kubwezera, Ugueto, akuphatikizana ndi Orinoco. Patsogolo pake, chiwongolerochi chimachepa, ndipo madzi akutha msanga, mofulumira komanso zovuta kuyenda. Pa mtunda wa makilomita 240 kumtunda, High Orinoco imathera ndi maulendo a Guaharibos.
Amazonas ndi dziko lalikulu la Venezuela, ndipo ili ndi mapiri awiri akuluakulu a dziko, Parima Tapirapecó ndi Serranía de la Neblina, mapiri ang'onoang'ono ndi zipilala zachilengedwe, monga Cerro Autana, tepuy kumwera kwa Puerto Ayacucho, yomwe ili phiri lopatulika la mtundu wa Piaroa amene amakhulupirira kuti ndi malo obadwira.
Iyi ndi dziko lakwawo la mafuko ambiri, otchuka kwambiri ndi Yanomani, Piaroa ndi Guajibo. Puerto Ayacucho, yomwe ili ndi ndege ku ndege ndi kunja kwa Caracas ndi mizinda ina ing'onoing'ono, ndiyo njira yaikulu yopita ku boma. Pali malo otchuka komanso amalonda. Malo okhala, omwe amadziwika kuti misasa, amapereka chitonthozo chosiyanasiyana.
Kampu yotchuka kwambiri ndi Yutajé Camp, ku Manapiare Valley kum'mawa kwa Puerto Ayacucho. Lili ndi ndege yake yokha ndipo ikhoza kukhala ndi anthu makumi atatu.
Misewu ndi kunja ndi pafupi ndi mtsinje ndi mlengalenga, koma misewu ikukumangidwanso ndi kusungidwa, makamaka imodzi kupita ku Samariapo, yomwe ikukwera pamtunda. Tenga Ulendo Wachiyero wa mtsinje ndi malo otsika kuchokera ku dziko la Amazonas.
Orinoco Medio
Pa mtunda wa makilomita 750, kuchokera kumtunda wa Guaharibos kupita ku Atures rapids, Orinoco imadutsa kumadzulo mpaka mtsinje wa Mavaca ufikira ndipo madzi akutembenukira kumpoto. Zina zimakhala ngati Ocamo akulowa mkati ndipo mtsinjewo umakula mpaka mamita 1320 ndi mamita 500 ndi mchenga wa mchenga amapanga zilumba zing'onozing'ono mumtsinje. Mitsinje ya Casiquiare ndi Esmeralda imayenda kuchokera ku Orinoco kuti iyanjane ndi wina kuti ipange Rio Negro omwe pamapeto pake amafika ku Amazon.
Mtsinje wa Cunucunuma umaphatikizapo, ndipo amtundu wa Orinoco kumpoto chakumadzulo, kumalire ndi Guyanese Shield. Mtsinje wa Ventuari umabweretsa mchenga wokwanira kuti upange mabombe ku San Fernando de Atabapo. Kumene mitsinje ya Atabapo, Guaviare ndi Irínida ikuphatikizapo madzi, Orinoco imakula pafupifupi pafupifupi 5000 ft (mamita 1500).
Ambiri mwa azungu a ku Venezuela amakhala mumtsinje wa Orinoco. Mipingo yofunikira kwambiri ndi ya Guaica (Waica), yomwe imadziwikanso ndi Guaharibo, ndi Maquiritare (Makiritare) akum'mwera kwa nyanja, Warrau (Warao) m'chigawo cha delta, ndi Guahibo ndi Yaruro kumadzulo kwa Llanos. Anthu awa amakhala mu ubale wapamtima ndi mitsinje ya baseni, pogwiritsa ntchito ngati gwero la chakudya komanso pofuna kukambirana. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Zowonjezera zowonjezera zimathamanga, kuwonjezera madzi kuthamanga ndikupanga mzere watsopano wa ziphuphu zazikulu ku Maipures ndi Atures ku Puerto Puertocucho.
Iyi ndi malo okha omwe Orinoco sichitha kuyenda.
Bajo Orinoco
Kuchokera ku Atures kumbuyo kwa Piacoa, makilomita 950 (950 km) amalandira mitsinje yambiri. Kumene Meta akulowamo, mtsinjewo ukulowera kumpoto chakum'mawa, ndipo ndi Cinacuro, Capanaparo ndi Apure mitsinje, imatembenuka kummawa. Manzanares, Iguana, Suata, Pao, Caris, Caroní, Paragua, Carrao, Caura, Aro ndi Mitsinje ya Cuchivero yowonjezerapo ku mliri wa Orinoco.
Mtsinje pano uli wamtali ndi wochedwa.
Gawo ili la Orinoco ndilokulengedwa kwambiri komanso lokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Popeza kuti mafutawa akufika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, mafakitale, malonda ndi anthu akukula. Ciudad Bolívar ndi Ciudad Guayana zapangidwa kukhala mizinda yofunika kwambiri, yomwe inamangidwa mokwanira kwambiri kuchokera ku mabanki kuti asawonongeke.
Pazilumbazi mumtsinje wa Ciudad Bolívar ndi Alexander von Humboldt wotchedwa Orinocómetro . Imatumikira ngati chida choyimira kuti nyamuka ndi kugwa kwa mtsinjewo. Palibe nyengo yeniyeni yomwe ili ku Orinoco, koma nyengo yamvula imatchedwa nyengo yozizira. Iyamba mu April ndipo imatha mpaka October kapena November. Mitsinje yamkuntho yotuluka m'mapiri imanyamula zitsulo ndi miyala ndi zinthu zina kuchokera kumapiri mpaka ku Orinoco. Simungathe kuthana ndi vutoli, mtsinjewu ukukwera ndi kusefukira malo ndi malo ozungulira. Nthaŵi yamadzi yapamwamba nthawi zambiri mu July, pamene msinkhu wa madzi ku Ciudad Bolívar ukhoza kuyenda kuchokera mamita 40 mpaka kuya makumi asanu. Madzi amayamba kuchepa mu August, ndipo pofika mwezi wa November adakhalanso otsika.
Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1961, Ciudad Guayana, pansi pa Ciudad Bolívar, amapanga zitsulo, aluminium, ndi mapepala, chifukwa cha mphamvu zopangidwa ndi Macagua ndi Guri madamu pamtsinje wa Caroní.
Kukula mu mzinda wa Venezuela womwe ukukula mofulumira kwambiri, umadutsa pamtsinjewu ndipo umaphatikizapo mudzi wa San Félix m'zaka za m'ma 1600 ndi mudzi wina wa Puerto Ordaz. Pali msewu waukulu pakati pa Caracas ndi Ciudad Guayana, koma zosowa zambiri za m'derali zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Orinoco.
Ulendo Wowongolawu umakupatsani lingaliro la kukula kwa mitsinje ndi kuntchito ku boma la Bolívar.
Delta del Orinoco
Chigawo cha delta chimakwirira Barrancas ndi Piacoa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic imakhazikika pamtunda wa makilomita 275 pakati pa Pedernales ndi Gulf of Pariah kumpoto, ndipo Punta Barima ndi Amacuro kum'mwera, pakali pano akukula makilomita 30,000. kukula. Kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndi kukula ndi Macareo, Sacupana, Araguao, Tucupita, Pedernales, njira za Cocuima komanso nthambi ya Grande River.
Mtsinje wa Orinoco umasintha nthawi zonse ngati mtsinje umabweretsa madera kuti apange ndi kukulitsa zilumba, kusintha njira ndi madzi otchedwa caños . Ndikuthamangira kunyanja ya Atlantic, koma pamene dothi limasonkhana ndikufalikira panja, kulemera kwake kumapangitsa kuti kumiza kumatanthauzenso kusintha kwa chigwacho. Dredging amasunga njira zazikulu zotseguka, koma m'misewu yambuyo, kumene mitengo yamitengo ndi zomera zimakhala zobiriwira,
Tortola, Isla de Tigre ndi Mata-Mata ndizilumba zina zomwe zimadziŵika bwino kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Delta del Orinoco (Mariusa) m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewu muli mahekitala 331000 a nkhalango, mathithi, mangrove, zomera zosiyanasiyana ndi zomera. Ndi nyumba ya mtundu wa Warao omwe amapitiriza moyo wawo wa asaka / asodzi. Mphepete mwa nyanja pano ili pafupi ndi zochita zoopsa kwambiri. Pano pali cueva del Guácharo, phanga lomwe lakhala ndi petroglyphys lakale lomwe anapeza ndi Humboldt pamene anafufuza malo.
Makampu ndi malo ogona okhala m'derali amapatsa alendo mwayi wofufuzira makayiwa ndi boti, nsomba, amasangalala ndi zinyama ndi kumapita.