"San" ndi dzina la mayiko omwe amalankhula Khoisan kum'mwera kwa Africa. Komanso nthawi zina amatchedwa Bushmen kapena Basarwa, anali anthu oyambirira kukhala kummwera kwa Africa, komwe akhala zaka zoposa 20,000. Zithunzi za miyala ya San ku Tsodilo Hills ku Botswana zimatsimikizira kuti ili ndi mbiri yabwino, ndipo zitsanzo zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti zidafika zaka 1300 AD.
A San akukhala m'madera a Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe ndi Lesotho.
M'madera ena, mawu akuti "San" ndi "Bushmen" amaonedwa ngati akunyozedwa. M'malo mwake, anthu ambiri a San amakonda kudziwika ndi dzina la mayiko awo. Izi zikuphatikizapo! Kung, Jul'hoan, Tsoa ndi ena ambiri.
Mbiri ya San
Sani ndi mbadwa za Homo sapiens yoyamba, mwachitsanzo munthu wamakono. Iwo ali ndi chitsanzo choyambirira kwambiri cha geni cha anthu aliwonse omwe alipo, ndipo akuganiza kuti mitundu yonse ndi yochokera kwa iwo. Zakale, San anali osaka-osonkhanitsa omwe ankakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anasuntha chaka chonse malinga ndi kupezeka kwa madzi, masewera komanso zomera zomwe amadya m'malo mwawo.
Pazaka 2,000 zapitazo, kufika kwa abusa ndi alangizi ochokera kumayiko ena ku Africa anachititsa kuti anthu a Sanakulu achoke m'madera awo. Kusamuka kumeneku kunawonjezereka ndi azungu oyera mtima m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, amene adayamba kukhazikitsa minda yachinsinsi m'mayiko omwe ali ndi chonde.
Chotsatira chake, a San anali kumadera omwe sali oyenera kum'mwera kwa Africa - monga dera lotentha la Kalahari.
Chikhalidwe cha San Trad
M'mbuyomu, magulu achibale kapena magulu a San nthawi zambiri amakhala oposa 10 mpaka 15. Iwo ankakhala pa dzikolo, kumanga malo osakhalitsa mu chilimwe, ndi nyumba zowonjezera kuzungulira madziholes m'nyengo yozizira.
Santi ndi anthu osagwirizana, ndipo mwachikhalidwe alibe atsogoleri kapena atsogoleri. Akazi amaonedwa kuti ndi ofanana, ndipo zosankha zimapangidwa ngati gulu. Ngati simukugwirizana, pali zokambirana zambiri kuti muthetse vuto lililonse.
M'mbuyomu, amuna a San anali ndi udindo wokafuna kudyetsa gulu lonse - ntchito yogwirizanitsa yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi uta ndi mivi yopangidwa ndi manja ndizophatikizapo poizoni wopangidwa kuchokera ku mbozi. Panthawiyi, amayiwa anasonkhanitsa zomwe angathe kutero, kuphatikizapo zipatso, zipatso, tubers, tizilombo komanso mazira. Popanda kanthu, zipolopolo za nthiwatiwa zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga madzi, omwe nthawi zambiri ankayenera kuyamwa kuchokera mu dzenje omwe anakumbidwa mchenga.
San San
Masiku ano, akuganiza kuti pali pafupifupi 100,000 San omwe akukhalabe kumwera kwa Africa. Ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la anthu otsala omwe angathe kukhala mogwirizana ndi miyambo yawo. Monga momwe zilili ndi anthu ambiri oyamba kudziko lina, ambiri a anthu a San akhala akuletsedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha masiku ano. Kusankhana kwa boma, umphawi, kukanidwa pakati pa anthu ndi kutayika kwa chikhalidwe chawo zonse zasiya San Sankhani lero.
Popeza sankatha kuyenda mofulumira kudera lonse lapansi monga momwe akanachitira kale, ambiri tsopano ali antchito m'mapulazi kapena m'mabungwe a zachirengedwe, pamene ena amadalira ndalama zapenshoni za boma. Komabe, akuluakulu a San akulemekezedwa ndi ambiri chifukwa cha luso lawo lokhala ndi moyo, kuphatikizapo kufufuza, kusaka komanso kudziwa zambiri za zomera komanso zakudya. M'madera ena, anthu a San amatha kugwiritsa ntchito malusowa mwanjira ina, powaphunzitsa ena ku zikhalidwe ndi zokopa alendo.
Miyambo Yachikhalidwe cha San
Zochitika monga izi zimapatsa alendo chidwi chochititsa chidwi cha chikhalidwe chomwe chakhala chikulimbana ndi zovuta zaka zikwi zambiri. Zina zimapangidwira maulendo afupikitsidwe tsiku, pamene ena amatenga mawonekedwe a maulendo ambirimbiri ndi maulendo a m'chipululu. Nhoma Safari Camp ndi msasa kumudzi wa Nhoma kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Namibia, kumene anthu a mtundu wa Jul'hoan amaphunzitsa alendo kuti azisaka ndi kusonkhanitsa pamodzi, kuphatikizapo luso la mankhwala, madyerero achikhalidwe ndi kuvina.
Zomwe zinachitikira San Bushmen zikuphatikizapo Tsiku la 8 Bushman Trail Safari ndi 7 Day Mobile Camping Safari ku Kalahari, zonse zomwe zimachitika ku Botswana. Ku South Africa, malo a Khwa ttu San Culture ndi Education Center amapereka maulendo a tsiku ndi tsiku kwa alendo komanso maphunziro a anthu a San amasiku ano omwe akufuna kuti adziŵe ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
Nkhaniyi inasinthidwa ndikulembedwanso mbali ndi Jessica Macdonald pa August 24, 2017.