Pamene kukhalabe otetezeka ku Africa kawirikawiri ndi nkhani yodziwika bwino, pali madera ena kapena mayiko omwe ali osasamalidwa bwino kwa alendo. Ngati mukukonzekera ulendo wopita ku Africa ndipo simukudziwa bwino za chitetezo cha malo omwe mwasankha, ndibwino kuti muwone machenjezo oyendayenda omwe aperekedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Malamulo ya US.
Chenjezo Ndi Chiyani?
Kuchenjeza kapena maulangizi amaperekedwa ndi boma poyesera kuchenjeza nzika za US za kuopsa koyendera kudera kapena dziko linalake.
Iwo amachokera ku zidziwitso za akatswiri a ndale komanso zadziko lino. Kaŵirikaŵiri, machenjezo amatha kuperekedwa monga kuthana ndi mavuto pomwepo monga nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni, kuzunzidwa kwauchigawenga kapena kuzunzidwa kwa ndale. Zingathenso kutulutsidwa chifukwa cha zipolowe zamtundu uliwonse kapena kuchuluka kwa umbanda; ndipo nthawi zina amasonyeza nkhawa zaumoyo (monga West Africa ebola mlili wa 2014).
Pakalipano, malangizo othandizira maulendowa ndi ofunika pa chiwerengero cha 1 mpaka 4. Mzere woyamba ndi "kusamala nthawi zonse", zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti palibe nkhawa yapadera pakadali pano. Ndondomeko 2 ndi "kuchitapo kanthu kuwonjezeranso kusamala", kutanthauza kuti pali ngozi zina m'madera ena, komabe muyenera kuyendetsa bwino ngati mutadziwa za chiopsezo ndikuchitapo kanthu. Mtsinje wachitatu ndi "kuyang'ana paulendo", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ulendo wonse koma wofunikira siukuvomerezeka. Mzere wachinayi ndi "musayende", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yomweyi ndi yoopsa kwa alendo.
Kuti mumve zambiri zokhudza zochitika zomwe zimalimbikitsa machenjezo amodzi, pempherani kufufuza malangizowo operekedwa ndi maboma ena, kuphatikizapo Canada, Australia ndi United Kingdom.
Malangizo Otsatira Otsatira a US ku Maiko Afirika
Pansipa, talemba mndandanda wa maulangizi onse oyendayenda a ku Africa omwe akukhala pa Level 2 kapena apamwamba.
Zosamveka: Chonde dziwani kuti machenjezo oyendayenda amasintha nthawi zonse ndipo pamene nkhaniyi ikusinthidwa nthawi zonse, ndi bwino kuyang'ana webusaiti ya US Department of State musanayambe ulendo wanu.
Algeria
Malangizi othandizira maulendo awiri omwe amachokera chifukwa cha ugawenga. Kuwukira kwauchigawenga kungachitike popanda chenjezo, ndipo kumawoneka kuti amakhala m'madera akumidzi. Chenjezo makamaka limalangiza za ulendo wopita kumadera akumidzi pafupi makilomita 50 kuchokera ku malire a Tunisia, kapena makilomita 250 kuchokera kumalire ndi Libya, Niger, Mali ndi Mauritania. Kumtunda kudutsa m'chipululu cha Sahara sikunakonzedwenso.
Burkina Faso
Malangizi a maulendo awiri omwe amachokera ku chiwawa ndi uchigawenga. Uphungu wachiwawa uli wochuluka, makamaka m'midzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amauza anthu akunja. Kuukira kwauchigawenga kwachitika ndipo kungakhoze kuchitika kachiwiri nthawi iliyonse. Makamaka, uphungu umachenjeza za ulendo wonse wopita kumadera a Sahel kumalire ndi Mali ndi Niger, kumene kugawidwa kwauchigawenga kwaphatikizapo kulanda alendo oyenda kumadzulo.
Burundi
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 3 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi nkhondo. Zochitika zachiwawa, kuphatikizapo zigawenga za grenade, ndizofala. Nkhanza zosayembekezereka zimachitika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa ndale, pomwe apolisi ndi malo owona zokhudzana ndi usilikali angalepheretse kuyenda.
Makamaka, kumenyana kumalire ndi magulu ankhondo ochokera ku DRC kumapezeka m'zigawo za Cibitoke ndi Bubanza.
Cameroon
Malangizi othandizira paulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda. Uphungu wamtunduwu ndi vuto lonse ku Cameroon, ngakhale kuti malo ena ndi oipa kuposa ena. Makamaka, boma limalangiza za ulendo wopita kumpoto ndi kumadera akutali kumpoto ndi mbali za madera a East ndi Adamawa. M'madera awa, mwayi wa ntchito zauchigawenga ukuwonjezerekanso ndipo kuwatenga ndi chifukwa chodandaula.
Central African Republic
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 4 omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha umbanda ndi chisokonezo. Kunyamula zida, kupha ndi kuzunzidwa kwachilendo ndizofala, pamene magulu a zida amalamulira madera akuluakulu a dzikoli ndipo nthawi zambiri amawombera anthu wamba chifukwa chowombera ndi kupha anthu. Kutsekedwa kwadzidzidzi kwa mpweya ndi malire a nthaka pakakhala chisokonezo cha boma kumatanthauza kuti oyendayenda akhoza kuwongolera ngati akuvutika.
Chad
Malangizi othandizira maulendo atatu omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda, uchigawenga ndi minda yamigodi. Ziwawa zachiwawa zakhala zikuchitika ku Chad, pamene magulu achigawenga akuyenda mosavuta kunja ndi kutuluka m'dzikomo ndipo amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri m'chigawo cha Lake Chad. Mphepete mwachitsulo ikhoza kutsekedwa popanda chenjezo, ndipo oyendayenda akusiyidwa. Malo amphepete mwa minda amakhala pamalire ndi Libya ndi Sudan.
Côte d'Ivoire
Malangizi a maulendo awiri omwe amachokera ku chiwawa ndi uchigawenga. Zigawenga zingathe kuchitika nthawi iliyonse ndipo zikhoza kuwombera madera oyendera. Zachiwawa zankhanza (kuphatikizapo galimoto, kupha anthu ndi kubedwa kwa zida) ndizofala, pamene akuluakulu a boma la United States amaletsedwa kuyendetsa kunja kwa mizinda ikuluikulu itatha mdima ndipo sangathe kuwathandiza.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi chisokonezo. Pali umbanda wamtundu wauchiwawa, kuphatikizapo zida zankhondo, kugonana ndi chiwawa. Zisonyezero za ndale zimakhala zosasinthasintha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayankha yankho lolemera kuchokera ku malamulo. Kupita kummawa kwa Congo ndi madera atatu a Kasai sikoyenera chifukwa cha nkhondo zankhondo.
Egypt
Malangizi othandizira maulendo awiri omwe amachokera chifukwa cha ugawenga. Magulu a zigawenga akupitirizabe kuyang'ana malo okaona alendo, mabungwe a boma ndi mabwalo oyendetsa magalimoto, pomwe ndege zapamsewu zimaonedwa kuti zili pangozi. Madera ena ndi owopsa kuposa ena. Malo ambiri oyendayenda m'dzikoli amawoneka ngati otetezeka; pamene tikupita ku West Desert, Sinai Peninsula ndi malire sali okonzedwa.
Eritrea
Malangizi othandizira maulendo awiri omwe amachokera chifukwa cha zoletsedwa zoyendayenda komanso thandizo lochepa lachithandizo. Ngati mukumangidwa ku Eritrea, mwinamwake kupeza mwayi ku United Embassy thandizo kudzatsutsidwa ndi malamulo apadziko. Alendo akulangizidwa kuti ayang'anenso ulendo wopita kumadera akumalire a Ethiopia chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa ndale, zisokonezo ndi minda yosadziwika.
Ethiopia
Malangizi othandizira maulendo awiri omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha zipolowe zapachiweniweni ndi kusokoneza mauthenga. Kusamukira kudziko la Somalia ku America sikulangizidwa chifukwa cha zipolowe zapachiweniweni, zigawenga ndi minda. Milandu yamilandu komanso zachiwawa imayambanso ku East Hararge m'chigawo cha Oromia, kudera la Danakil komanso kumalire ndi Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan ndi Eritrea.
Guinea-Bissau
Mlangizi wa maulendo 3 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi chisokonezo. Uphungu waukali ndi vuto lonse ku Guinea-Bissau koma makamaka pa eyapoti ya Bissau ndi ku Bandim Market pakatikati pa likulu. Kusokonezeka kwa ndale komanso kusagwirizana kwa anthu kwapitirira zaka zambiri, ndipo mikangano pakati pa magulu angayambitse chiwawa nthawi iliyonse. Palibe Embassy wa ku United States ku Guinea-Bissau.
Kenya
Malangizi othandizira paulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda. Kuphwanya malamulo ndi vuto ku Kenya, ndipo alendo akulangizidwa kupewa Eastleigh dera la Nairobi nthawi zonse, ndi Old Town ku Mombasa mutatha mdima. Kupita ku Kenya - malire a Somalia ndi madera ena akumtunda sakuvomerezeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito zauchigawenga.
Libya
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 4 omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha umbanda, uchigawenga, nkhondo ndi nkhondo. Mipata yowotanganidwa ndi ntchito zachiwawa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti magulu achigawenga angakopere anthu amitundu ina (komanso a ku America makamaka). Ndege zapamsewu zimakhala pangozi chifukwa cha zigawenga, ndipo ndege zowonongeka ndi zochokera ku mabwalo a ndege ku Libyan zimachotsedwa nthawi zonse, ndikusiya oyendayenda akusokonezeka.
Mali
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 4 omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha umbanda ndi uchigawenga. Chiwawa chachiwawa chimafala m'dziko lonse koma makamaka ku Bamako ndi madera akummwera a Mali. Mapale ndi ma apolisi omwe amapezeka mosavuta amalola apolisi owonongeka kuti apindule ndi alendo oyenda mumsewu, makamaka usiku. Kuukira kwauchigawenga kukupitirizabe kulunjika malo omwe kawirikawiri amapezeka.
Mauritania
Mlangizi wa maulendo 3 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi uchigawenga. Kuukira kwauchigawenga kungabwere popanda chenjezo ndipo nthawi zambiri kumalo omwe amapezeka alendo oyenda kumadzulo. Zochita zachiwawa (kuphatikizapo kuba, kugwiriridwa, kuzunzidwa ndi kupha) zimakhala zachilendo, pamene akuluakulu a boma la United States ayenera kulandira chilolezo chapadera kuti apite kunja kwa Nouakchott ndipo sangathe kuthandizira pokhapokha ngati mwadzidzidzi.
Niger
Mlangizi wa maulendo 3 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi uchigawenga. Zigawenga zachiwawa zimakhala zachilendo, pamene zigawenga ndi zofunkha zimakakamiza maofesi a boma ndi am'deralo komanso malo omwe alendo amapezeka. Makamaka, pewani ulendo kupita ku madera akumalire - makamaka diffa dera, nyanja ya Chad ndi malire a Mali, kumene magulu opondereza amadziwika kugwira ntchito.
Nigeria
Mlangizi wa maulendo 3 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda, uchigawenga ndi chiwawa. Zigawenga zachiwawa ndizofala ku Nigeria, pomwe zigawenga zimagonjetsa malo ambirimbiri ku Federal Capital Territory ndi m'madera ena akumidzi. Makamaka maboma akummwera (makamaka Borno) amachitira zochitika zauchigawenga. Kuphwanya malamulo kumafuna anthu oyenda ku Gulf of Guinea, zomwe ziyenera kupeŵeka ngati zingatheke.
Republic of the Congo
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi chisokonezo. Uphungu wamtunduwu ukuda nkhawa kwambiri ku Republic of Congo, pomwe ziwonetsero zandale zikuchitika nthawi zambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachiwawa. Alendo akulangizidwa kuti ayang'anenso ulendo wopita ku madera akummwera ndi kumadzulo a Pool Region, kumene ntchito zankhondo zowonjezereka zimabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu cha nkhondo zapachiweniweni ndi nkhondo.
Sierra Leone
Malangizi othandizira paulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda. Zigawenga zachiwawa kuphatikizapo kuzunzidwa ndi kuba ndizofala, pamene apolisi apamtunda sangachitepo kanthu pazochitikazo. Ogwira ntchito ku boma la US akuletsedwa kuti asayende kunja kwa Freetown patatha mdima, ndipo amatha kupereka thandizo lokhazikika kwa alendo omwe amapezeka kuti ali m'mavuto.
Somalia
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 4 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda, uchigawenga ndi piracy. Zigawenga zachiwawa zimakhala zachilendo, ndipo zimakhala zoletsedwa mobwerezabwereza komanso zimachitika chifukwa chofunkha ndi kuphana. Kuukira kwauchigawenga kumalowera kumadzulo, ndipo zikhoza kuchitika popanda chenjezo. Mbalameyi imakhala yamtunda m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuchokera ku Horn of Africa, makamaka pafupi ndi nyanja ya Somalia.
South Africa
Malangizi othandizira paulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda. Zigawenga zachiwawa kuphatikizapo zida zankhondo, kugwiriridwa ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa ndi magalimoto ndizofala ku South Africa, makamaka m'madera akuluakulu a bizinesi a mizinda ikuluikulu itatha mdima. Komabe, madera ambiri a dzikoli amaonedwa kuti ndi otetezeka - makamaka malo odyera masewera a kumidzi ndi malo osungirako zinthu.
South Sudan
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 4 omwe amaperekedwa chifukwa cha zigawenga komanso nkhondo. Mikangano yotsutsana ikuchitika pakati pa zandale ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana, pomwe nkhanza zachiwawa zikufala. Milandu yamilandu ku Juba makamaka ndi yovuta, ndipo akuluakulu a boma la US analola kuti aziyenda m'galimoto. Zolinga pa ulendo wa kunja kunja kwa Juba zikutanthauza kuti oyendayenda sangadalire kuthandizidwa pangozi.
Sudan
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 3 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha ugawenga ndi chisokonezo. Magulu a zigawenga ku Sudan adanena cholinga chawo chovulaza a Kumadzulo, ndipo zidawonekeratu, makamaka ku Khartoum. Chifukwa cha chisokonezo cha boma, nthawi yofikira nthawi imaperekedwa popanda chenjezo lililonse, komabe kumangidwa kosasuntha kuli kotheka. Onse amapita ku dera la Darfur, boma la Blue Nile ndi boma la Southern Kordofan limaonedwa kuti ndibwino chifukwa cha nkhondo.
Tanzania
Malangizi othandizira maulendo awiri omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda, uchigawenga komanso zolinga za anthu oyendayenda a LGBTI. Uphungu wachiwawa uli wamba ku Tanzania, ndipo umaphatikizapo kuzunzidwa, kugwidwa, kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa. Magulu a zigawenga akupitiriza kukonza zochitika pamadera omwe alendo oyenda kumadzulo amapezeka, ndipo pakhala pali lipoti la oyendayenda a LGBTI akuzunzidwa kapena kumangidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu wotsutsana.
Togo
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi chisokonezo. Zochita zachiwawa zosautsa (monga kukwapula) ndi zochitika zachiwawa (kuphatikizapo zida zankhondo) zimakhala zachilendo, pomwe achifwamba okha ndi omwe amachititsa kuti awonetsere chilungamo. Chisokonezo chaboma chimabweretsa mawonetsero ambiri, ndipo onsewa ndi apolisi amayesedwa ndi machitidwe achiwawa.
Tunisia
Malangizi othandizira maulendo awiri omwe amachokera chifukwa cha ugawenga. Madera ena amaonedwa kuti ali pangozi yowonongeka kuposa ena. Boma limalangiza za ulendo wopita ku Sidi Bou Zid, kum'mwera kwa chipululu cha Remada, m'malire a dziko la Algeria ndi kumapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo (kuphatikizapo National Park National Park). Kuyenda makilomita 30 kuchokera kumalire a Libyan sikunakonzedwenso.
Uganda
Malangizi othandizira paulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda. Ngakhale kuti madera ambiri a Uganda akuonedwa kuti ndi otetezeka, pali ziwawa zambiri zachiwawa (kuphatikizapo zida zankhondo, kubwezera kunyumba ndi kugonana) m'midzi ikuluikulu ya dzikoli. Alendo akulangizidwa kuti asamalire makamaka ku Kampala ndi Entebbe. Apolisi am'deralo alibe zoyenera kuti athe kuyankha mofulumira.
Zimbabwe
Malangizi othandizira maulendo 2 omwe amachokera chifukwa cha umbanda ndi chisokonezo. Kusakhazikika kwa ndale, mavuto azachuma komanso zotsatira za chilala chaposachedwapa chachititsa kuti pakhale mliri waumphawi, umene ukhoza kudziwonetsa wokha kudzera mu ziwonetsero zachiwawa. Uphungu wachiwawa ndi wamba ndipo umapezeka m'madera ambiri omwe amapezeka ndi azungu. Alendo akulangizidwa kuti asawonetse zizindikiro za chuma.