Mbiri ndi Ziwerengero za Chilango cha Imfa ku PA
Kuphedwa monga mtundu wa chilango ku Pennsylvania kunayamba nthawi yomwe olamulira oyambirira akufika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600. Panthawi imeneyo, kulumikizidwa pagulu kunali chilango chachikulu chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kubisala ndi kuba, kuchitira chiwawa, kugwiriridwa, ndi kugulira (ku Pennsylvania panthawiyo, "zofuula" zogonana ndi nyama).
Mu 1793, William Bradford, Attorney General wa ku Pennsylvania analemba "Kufufuzidwa Kwambiri Chilango cha Imfa N'kofunika ku Pennsylvania." Mmenemo, adaumirira mwamphamvu kuti chilango cha imfa chipitirize, koma adavomereza kuti kunalibe ntchito yopewera milandu ina.
Ndipotu, adanena kuti chilango cha imfa chinapangitsa kuti chidziwitso chikhale cholimba, chifukwa mu Pennsylvania (ndi zina zonse), chilango cha imfa chinali chovomerezeka ndipo maulendo kawiri kawirikawiri sanabwezere chigamulo cholakwa chifukwa cha izi. Poyankha, mu 1794, lamulo la Pennsylvania linathetsa chilango chachikulu pa milandu yonse kupatula kuphedwa "mu digiri yoyamba," nthawi yoyamba kuphedwa kunaphwanyidwa "madigiri".
Posakhalitsa mapepala apachilumba anakula kukhala masewera okongola ndipo, mu 1834, Pennsylvania anakhala dziko loyamba mu mgwirizano kuthetseratu mapepala awa. Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu zapitazi, boma lirilonse linapanga "zipinda zapadera" m'makoma ake a ndende.
Kupha Mphamvu Zamagetsi ku Pennsylvania
Kuphedwa kwa milandu yaikulu kunakhala udindo wa boma mu 1913, pamene mpando wa magetsi unatenga malo a pamtengo. Anakhazikitsidwa ku State Correctional Institution ku Rockview, Center County, mpando wamagetsi unatchedwa "Old Smokey." Ngakhale chilango chachikulu mwa electrocution chinaloledwa ndi malamulo mu 1913, ngakhalenso mpando kapena bungwe linali lokonzeka kukhalamo kufikira 1915.
Mu 1915, John Talap, wakupha munthu wochokera ku Montgomery County, anali munthu woyamba kuphedwa pa mpando. Pa April 2, 1962, Elmo Lee Smith, wina yemwe anapha munthu wa ku Montgomery County, anali womaliza pa anthu 350, kuphatikizapo akazi awiri, kuti afe mu mpando wa magetsi ku Pennsylvania.
Lolani Kukhumudwa ku Pennsylvania
Pa November 29, 1990, Gov.
Robert P. Casey adasaina lamulo lokhazikitsa njira ya kuphedwa kwa Pennsylvania kuchokera ku electrocution ku jekeseni yoopsa ndipo, pa May 2, 1995, Keith Zettlemoyer anakhala munthu woyamba kuphedwa ndi injection yakupha ku Pennsylvania. Mpando wa magetsi unatembenuzidwira ku Komiti ya Pennsylvania Historical and Museum.
Pennsylvania Penalty Statute
Mu 1972, Khoti Lalikulu la State Pennsylvania linagamula mu Commonwealth v Bradley kuti chilango cha imfa chinali chosagwirizana ndi malamulo, pogwiritsa ntchito chiyambi cha chigamulo cha US Supreme Court ku Furman v Georgia. Panthawiyo, panali milandu yokwana khumi ndi awiri mu ndende ya Pennsylvania. Onse adachotsedwa ku mzere wakufa ndikuweruzidwa ku moyo. Mu 1974, lamulo lidaukitsidwa kwa kanthawi, Khoti Lalikulu la PA Lachitatu litanenenso kuti lamulo silikhala losemphana ndi malamulo mu chigamulo cha December 1977. Pulezidenti wa boma adalemba mwatsatanetsatane zatsopano, zomwe zinayamba kugwira ntchito mu September 1978, potsutsa ndondomeko ya Bwanamkubwa Shapp. Lamulo la chilango cha imfa, lomwe likugwiranso ntchito lerolino, lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito popempha maulendo angapo apita ku Khoti Lalikulu la US.
Kodi Chilango cha Imfa Chimachitika Bwanji ku Pennsylvania?
Chilango cha imfa chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Pennsylvania pokhapokha ngati woweruzidwa ali ndi mlandu wopha munthu.
Kumvetsera kosiyana kumaphatikizapo kulingalira za zovuta komanso zochepetsera. Ngati chimodzi mwa zovuta khumi zomwe zikupezeka mulamulo ndipo palibe chimodzi mwa zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu zokhazokha zomwe zikupezeka kuti zilipo, chigamulo chiyenera kukhala imfa.
Gawo lotsatira ndi kulongedwa mwachilungamo ndi woweruza. Kawirikawiri, pamakhala kuchedwa pakati pa chigamulo cha chigamulo ndi chilango chokhazikika ngati zochitika zapambuyo poyesedwa zimamveka ndikuganiziridwa. Kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane nkhaniyi ndi Khoti Lalikulu la boma likutsatira chilango. Khoti likhoza kumanga chigamulochi kapena kuchoka ku chilango cha moyo.
Ngati Khoti Lalikululi likutsimikizira chigamulochi, mlanduwu umapita kwa Ofesi ya Gavumala komwe imayang'aniranso ndi aphungu abwino komanso, potsirizira pake, ndi Bwanamkubwa mwiniwakeyo. Bwanamkubwa yekha ndi amene angakhazikitse tsiku lophedwa, lomwe likuchitika mwa kulemba chikalata chodziwika kuti Gavana's Warrant.
Mwalamulo, ntchito zonse zikuchitika ku State Correctional Institution ku Rockview.