Khat ndi chomera chofewa chomwe chafunidwa ndipo chimasangalala ndi anthu kwa zaka mazana ambiri ku Horn Africa ndi Arabia Peninsula. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Somalia, Djibouti , Etiopia ndi mbali zina za Kenya, ndipo zimakonda kwambiri ku Yemen. Mulimodzi mwa mayiko awa, mudzapeza chomeracho chikugulitsidwa momasuka m'misika yovundukuka ndikudya mofanana ndi khofi m'mayiko a kumadzulo.
Komabe, ngakhale m'madera ena a ku Africa ndi Middle East, kufalikira, khat ndi mankhwala ambiri m'mayiko ena ambiri. Ichi ndi nkhani yaikulu yotsutsana, ndi akatswiri ena akufotokoza kuti iwo ndi ofatsa kwambiri komanso ena amawatcha mankhwala amphetamine.
Mbiri ya Khat
Chiyambi cha ntchito ya khat sichidziwika, ngakhale akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chinayamba ku Ethiopia. Zikuoneka kuti m'madera ena akhala akugwiritsa ntchito khat ngati zosangalatsa kapena ngati thandizo lauzimu kwa zaka zikwi; ndi Aaigupto akale ndi a Sufis pogwiritsa ntchito chomeracho kuti apange chikhalidwe chofanana ndi chithunzithunzi chomwe chinawathandiza kuti aziyanjana kwambiri ndi milungu yawo. Khat akuwonekera (ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana) m'maganizo a olemba mbiri yakale, kuphatikizapo Charles Dickens; yemwe mu 1856 adalongosola kuti " masambawa amafunidwa, ndikuchitapo kanthu pa mizimu ya iwo omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito, monga momwe tizilombo ta tiyi timachitira pa Ulaya".
Ntchito Yamakono
Masiku ano, khat imadziwika ndi mayina osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kat, qat, macheza, Kafta, Teya ya Abyssinian, Miraa ndi Bushman's Tea. Masamba ndi nsonga zatsopano zimakololedwa kuchokera ku Catha edulis shrub, ndipo amawotcha watsopano kapena wouma ndi kuswedwa mu tiyi. Njira yoyamba imakhala yochuluka kwambiri, kupereka mlingo wokwera kwambiri wa gawo lothandizira la zomera, lotchedwa cathinone.
Kawirikawiri Cathinone amafanizidwa ndi amphetamines, zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatira (ngakhale zovuta kwambiri). Izi zimaphatikizapo chisangalalo, chisangalalo, kukondana, kulankhula, kuwonjezeka ndi chidaliro.
Khat yakhala makampani oposa mamiliyoni ambiri. Ku Yemen, lipoti la Bank Bank lofalitsidwa mu 2000 linanena kuti chomeracho chinali ndi 30 peresenti ya chuma cha dzikoli. Ndipotu, kulima khat ku Yemen kuli kofala kotero kuti ulimi wothirira wa khat kumaphatikizapo 40 peresenti ya madzi. Ntchito ya Khat tsopano ikufala kwambiri kuposa mbiri yakale. Zitsamba za Catha edulis tsopano zikuchitika mwachilengedwe m'madera akumwera kwa Africa (kuphatikizapo South Africa, Swaziland ndi Mozambique), pamene katundu wake amatumizidwa ku mayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi.
Zotsatira Zoipa
Mu 1980, World Health Organization (WHO) inati khat ndi "mankhwala osokoneza bongo", ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale zovuta. Izi zimaphatikizapo khalidwe laumunthu ndi kusasamala, kuwonjezeka kwa mtima wa mtima ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi, kusowa kwa njala, kusowa tulo, kusokonezeka ndi kudzimbidwa. Ena amaganiza kuti ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yaitali, khat ingayambitse kuvutika maganizo komanso kuopsa kwa mtima; komanso kuti zikhoza kulemberatu mavuto a matenda a m'maganizo mwa iwo omwe ali nawo kale.
Sichikuwoneka kuti ndimadwala kwambiri, ndipo iwo omwe amasiya kugwiritsa ntchito izo sangawoneke kuti akudwala.
Pali kutsutsana kwakukulu pa kuopsa kwa zotsatira za khat, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku omwe amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri sikuli koopsa kusiyana ndi kukonzekera tsiku ndi tsiku. Anthu ambiri otsutsa za mankhwalawa amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito khat. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezereka kwakukulu ndi kuchepa kwazinthu kumaganiziridwa kuti zikhale ndi mwayi waukulu wa kugonana kosatetezeka komanso / kapena kutenga mimba zosafuna. Makamaka, khat ndikutentha kwakukulu kwa ndalama za anthu okhala m'madera omwe alibe ndalama zochepa. Ku Djibouti, akuganiza kuti ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse amakagwiritsa ntchito bajeti yachisanu mwachisanu pa chomera; ndalama zomwe zingagwiritsidwe bwino pa maphunziro kapena chithandizo chamankhwala.
Kodi ndi Lamulo?
Khat ndivomerezeka m'mayiko ambiri a Horn of Africa ndi a Arabian Peninsula, kuphatikizapo Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya ndi Yemen. Zili zoletsedwa ku Eritrea, ndi ku South Africa (kumene zomera zokha ndizitetezedwa). Khat inaletsedwanso m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya - kuphatikizapo Netherlands ndi posachedwapa, United Kingdom, yomwe inalembetsa mankhwalawa monga mankhwala a m'kalasi mu 2014. Ku Canada, khat ndi mankhwala (kutanthauza kuti ndiloletsedwa kugula popanda chivomerezo cha dokotala). Ku United States, cathinone ndi mankhwala a ndondomeko yoyamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusagwirizana ndi malamulo. Missouri ndi California zimaletsa mwachindunji khat komanso cathinone.
NB: Khat production yakhala ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi zigawenga, ndi ndalama zomwe zinapangidwa kuchokera ku malonda osagulitsa ndi malonda omwe amaganiziridwa kuti azigulitsa ndalama monga al-Shabaab, selo lochokera ku Somalia la Al-Qaeda. Komabe, izi siziyenera kutsimikiziridwa.
Nkhaniyi inasinthidwa ndikulembedwanso mbali ndi Jessica Macdonald pa February 5, 2018.