Chikumbutso Chachikunja cha 1970s Khmer Rouge Misrule
Chenjerani ndi wankhanza omwe ali akapolo a lingaliro limodzi. Ndi mutu wambiri m'mbiri, koma ife monga zamoyo tikuwoneka kuti tifunika kubwerera kwa iwo mobwerezabwereza pansi pa Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot ... ndipo ena mosakayikira akudikirira m'mapiko.
Zotsatira zake za "Zero Chaka" za Pol Pot - chikhulupiriro chake chodziwika kuti Cambodia ("Kampuchea") inkafunika kuyeretsedwa kwa olamulira, aluntha ndi zonyansa zina - zikhoza kuwonedwa mdima madzulo, kupita ku Phnom Penh Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum Malo ophera Choeung Ek .
"Cambodia ili ndi mbiri yakale yokhudza chiwonongeko, zomwe zinachitika kuyambira 1975 mpaka 1979 ndipo zikugwiritsabe ntchito masiku ano m'mayiko osiyanasiyana," akulongosola Jennifer Ryder Joslin, yemwe amachokera ku Phnom Penh komanso wolemba mabuku (ndi mnzake Stevo). blog yoyendera maulendo awiri akhoza kuyenda. "Malo osungirako zachiwawa a Tuol Sleng ku Phnom Penh ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri kuti azitha kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe anthu a Cambodia adzichita."
Kulowetsa Mdima: Tuol Sleng ndi mdima wodalirika wokopa alendo ukuima ku Southeast Asia, koma siwo wokhawo. Werengani za madera ena ozungulira malo ozungulira alendo .
Sukulu, ndiye Kampu Yopseza, pomwe Chikumbukiro cha Chikumbutso
Tuol Sleng ndi akaidi a Khmer Rouge komanso kundende. Lero ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, kukumbukira koopsa kwa masiku a mdima wa ulamuliro wa Khmer Rouge.
NthaĊµiyi inali Tuol Svay Prey High School , nyumbayi isanamangidwenso mu 1975. Nyumbayi inatchedwanso Gereza la Security 21 (S-21), waya wotsalira anawonjezeredwa kumbali, ndipo mawindo anali omangidwa ndi chitsulo mipiringidzo.
Nyumba zinayi zazikuluzikulu za Tuol Sleng zimayimilira mabwalo angapo omwe mwina adakhala masewera a sukulu asanasinthe.
Kumanga A ndiye malo akuluakulu ozunzira ku Tuol Sleng; Khmer Rouge anachita ntchito yawo yodetsa nkhawa mpaka pano, ndikupha anthu omalizira omwe anali atatsala pang'ono kuthawa ku Vietnam mu January 1979.
Anthu 14 oterewa anaikidwa m'manda kunja kwa Nyumba ya A; mudzafika kumanda awa asanalowe.
Kumanga B kunali ndi kugwira maselo kwa akaidi, ndipo pakali pano amakhala ndi zithunzi zojambula zithunzi za akaidi amene anajambula pamene adaloledwa kumanga. Khmer Rouge inalembetsa zolemba zambiri za akaidi; Zithunzi zawo zowonongeka zimatha kuwonetsedwa pano, ndi maso awo okwiya akuyang'ana pa iwe ngati kuti akukunyozani chifukwa cha moyo.
Kumanga C kunakhala ngati ndende yaikulu ya Tuol Sleng. Pansi pansi munali maselo ang'onoting'ono kwambiri, aliyense ali ndi wandende mmodzi womangirizidwa pansi. Azimayi amatsekedwa ku chipinda chachiwiri. Pansi lachitatu anali maselo akuluakulu a ndende, akugwira magulu akuluakulu omangidwa ndi zitsulo zamitengo yaitali.
Pansi pa nyumbayi pali "miyala" m'bwalo, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ozunza a Khmer Rouge kuti awononge akaidi kuti azisokoneza madzi.
Kumanga D nyumba ndi zojambula zojambulajambula za Cambodian zomwe zimachitika ku Cambodian, zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zikumbukiro za moyo (monga Tuol Sleng). Vann Nath anali mmodzi mwa anthu opulumuka a Tuol Sleng omwe adasungidwa chifukwa cha "ntchito" yawo. Werengani mbiri yake pa chikumbutso chomwe chili ndi dzina lake.
Zoopsa za Tuol Sleng
"Tuol Sleng akuyang'ana mozama mtima zomwe anthu mamiliyoni a ku Cambodia amakumana nazo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Khmer Rouge," akulongosola Jennifer Ryder Joslin. "Zimakhala zochititsa mantha kuona zomwe anthu angathe kuchita wina ndi mzake pazifukwa, koma zofunikira kuziwona kotero kuti mbiri siingaiwale kapena kubwerezedwa."
Kukhoza kunena, madzulo a Tuol Sleng adzakuchititsani kumva bwino, kwambiri, ndithudi.
Katswiri wochititsa mantha wa Khmer Rouge amawafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane. Akaidi anajambulidwa ndi kufunsa mafunso pa moyo wawo asanamangirire kumaselo awo. Mlendoyu, malo odzaza ndi zithunzi za amuna, akazi, ndi ana omwe akuwonongedwa, akuwonetseratu akaidi pafupifupi 20,000 omwe adalowa mu Tuol Sleng.
Anthu ambiri omwe akuphedwa ndi Tuol Sleng
Akaidiwo anali a Cambodian kwambiri, ngakhale kuti ndende inawona gawo lake la Achimerika, British, ndi Australia. Malingaliro opotoka a Khmer Rouge amatanthawuza kuti aliyense amene ali ndi maphunziro, aliyense yemwe sanali wozungulira pamenepo, ngakhale aliyense amene ankavala magalasi anali wokayikira, ndipo akhoza (ndipo nthawi zambiri) amatha kufuula miyoyo yawo ku Tuol Sleng.
Mudzaonanso chipinda chozunzidwa, chomwe chinasiyidwa mu mkhalidwe womwewo womwe iwo adapezedwa ndi a ku Vietnamese amene adagonjetsa Khmer Rouge kunja mu 1979. Zida zozunza zilipo, ndizofotokozedwa momveka bwino momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Zotsatira za mapetowa ndizonso pafupi - zigaza za zigaza za anthu osauka a S-21. (Tuol Sleng wokongola kwambiri, "mapu a mapiko" a ku Cambodia mu 300-kuphatikizapo zigaza, anawonongedwa mu 2002.)
Choeung Ek: Malo Opha
Ulendo wopita ku "minda yakupha" kunja kwa Phnom Penh kumaliza chithunzichi. Choeung Ek nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsa ndi Tuol Sleng m'mayendetsedwe ambiri - mukhoza kupita kumalo ena osawona wina, koma sizikuyenera kuti achoke pamalo omwe akaidi ambiri a Tuol Sleng anathera nthawi yawo yomaliza.
"Minda Yowonongeka" inali magulu a khmer Rouge mamiliyoni kapena osafuna. Choeung Ek ndiyo inali yomaliza kwa akaidi a Tuol Sleng; pafupifupi matupi 9,000 adakali m'manda a manda mkati mwa Choeung Ek.
Chipinda cha Buddhist tsopano chimadutsa pamwamba pa Choeung Ek, maziko ake a akririkisi ndi mipanda yodzaza ndi pafupifupi 5,000 zigawenga za anthu, otsalira a akaidi amene anaphedwa pano. Zigawa zambiri zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zowononga - kupulumutsa pa zipolopolo, opha anthu ku Choeung Ek amagwiritsa ntchito zipilala kapena ngolo kuti akanthe.
Malangizo a Oyendayenda a Tuol Sleng
Kufika ku Tuol Sleng. S-21 ili ku chigawo cha Tuol Svay Prey, pafupi ndi mtunda wa makilomita khumi ndi anayi kumwera kwa likulu la Phnom Penh. (Malo pa Google Maps)
"Tuol Sleng amawoneka mosavuta ndi tuk tuk kapena moto," Ryder Joslin akutiuza. "Palinso mabasi oyendayenda omwe amapita ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, komabe izi sizili zofunikira kapena zosangalatsa ngati mungathe kupita nokha ndikutenga munthu wotsogolera pa tsamba ngati mukufuna." ( Werengani za tuk-tuks ku Cambodia .)
Nthawi yoti mupite. Taganizirani za nyengo yozizira ya Cambodia pokonzekera ulendo wopita ku Tuol Sleng. "Pitani m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo kuti mupewe gawo lotentha kwambiri patsiku chifukwa palibe mpweya wabwino kumeneko," analangiza motero Ryder Joslin.
Kutsogolera ku Tuol Sleng ndizosankha, koma m'malingaliro anga, kofunikira kwambiri. Tuol Sleng ndi wovuta kwambiri, ndipo mumasowa wina woti aphe imfa ndikumvetsa chisoni. Zimatsogolera mtengo wina wa USD $ 6 pamadola a USD $ 2 olowera ku Tuol Sleng. (Werengani za ndalama ku Cambodia.)
Ikani pang'onopang'ono. "Tengani nthawi yanu mukamapita ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuti mukumva ndikumva chisoni ndi kulira, zirizonse zomwe mukufunikira kuchita," akutero Ryder Joslin. "Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, komabe mungakonde kuti mumvetse bwino Cambodia ndi zomwe anthu ndi mabanja awo adzichita."
Tili ndi ngongole zambiri kwa Jennifer Ryder Joslin chifukwa cha zopindulitsa zake. Ndipatseni ine olimba ndikumuyendera maulendo awiri Akhoza Kuyenda, kapena onani tsamba la blog la Facebook.