Nkhani yeniyeni ya momwe zojambula zina zinathera mukusonkhanitsa kosiyana
Ngati muli ngati mphunzitsi wongopeka chabe, mwina mwawona "Edeni Degas" zaka 18 (1881) a Edgar Degas ku Metropolitan Museum of Art .
Ndipo Musee d'Orsay. Ndipo Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Palinso limodzi mu National Gallery of Art ku Washington DC., Komanso ku Tate Modern ndi ambiri, ambiri. Onse palimodzi, pali matembenuzidwe 28 a "Little Dancer" m'masamamu ndi m'mayesero padziko lonse lapansi.
Choncho ngati malo osungiramo zinthu zakale nthawi zonse amasonyeza zojambula zoyambirira (ndipo nthawi zambiri zamtengo wapatali) zojambula, izi zingakhale bwanji? Ndi yani yeniyeniyo? Mwachidziwikire, kodi mumakhala ochepa "Osewera"? Nkhaniyi imaphatikizapo wojambula, chitsanzo, gulu la otsutsa okwiya komanso maziko a mkuwa.
Tiyeni tiyambe pachiyambi. Pamene Edgar Degas anasangalala ndi nkhani ya ovina ku Paris Opera, izo zinkayesa kutsutsana monga awa anali atsikana ndi amayi ochokera m'magulu apansi. Akaziwa anali okonzeka kusonyeza matupi awo othamanga ndi zovala zoyenera. Komanso, ankagwira ntchito usiku ndipo nthawi zambiri ankadzipereka okha. Ngakhale lero timaganiza kuti ballet ndi chidwi chochuluka cha anthu otukuka, Degas anali kutsutsana chifukwa cha kuwonetsa akazi kuti gulu la Victori linkaphwanya malire a kudzichepetsa ndi ulemu.
Degas anayamba ntchito yake monga wojambula mbiri ndipo sanavomereze konse mawu akuti "Impressionist" pamene adadziganizira kuti ndi Weniweni.
Ngakhale Degas ankagwira ntchito limodzi ndi amatsenga a Impressionist kuphatikizapo Monet ndi Renoir, Degas ankakonda malo okhala mumatawuni, kuwala kwake, ndi zojambula ndi zojambula zomwe zinkachokera mwachitsulo chake. Iye ankafuna kufotokoza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kayendetsedwe kowona ka thupi. Kuwonjezera pa ovina a ballet, iye amawonetsera mipiringidzo, mahule ndi ziwonongeko, osati mabwalo okongola ndi maluwa.
Mwinanso kuposa ntchito zake zonse zomwe zikuwonetsa osewera, chojambula ichi ndi chithunzi cholemera cha maganizo. Poyamba okongola, imakhala yosasamala pang'ono pamene imaiyang'anitsitsa.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1870, Degas anayamba kudziphunzitsa yekha kujambula pambuyo pa ntchito yayikulu yojambula ndi kupenta. Makamaka, Degas ankagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono ndipo mwadala mwajambula zithunzi za mtsikana wina wachinyamata wothamanga pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chimene anakumana nacho ku sukulu ya ballet ya Paris Opera.
Mtumwiyu anali Marie Genevieve von Goethem, wophunzira wa ku Belgium yemwe adalowa nawo kampani ya Paris Opera monga njira yotulukira mu umphawi. Amayi ake ankagwira ntchito yochapa zovala komanso mlongo wake anali hule. (Mchemwali wake wa Marie adaphunzitsanso ndi ballet.) Choyamba adamufunsira Degas ali ndi zaka 11, kenanso ali ndi zaka 14, onse akuvala zovala komanso zovala. Degas anamanga chithunzi cha sera ndi mtundu wozungulira dothi.
Marie akuwonetsedwa momwe iye analiri; msungwana wochokera kumaphunziro osauka amaphunzitsidwa kukhala mpira wa ballerina. Amayimilira pachinayi, koma sadakonzeke. Zili ngati kuti Degas amamugwira kamphindi panthawi yomwe akuzoloŵera kachitidwe kake m'malo mokonzekera. Zojambulazo pamilingo yake ndi lumpy ndipo zimadzaza ndi nkhope yake ikuyendayenda mlengalenga ndi mawu odzitukumula omwe amatiwonetsa momwe akuyesera kuti agwire malo ake pakati pa ovina.
Iye akukhala ndi chikhulupiliro chokhwima ndi chodzikakamiza. Ntchito yomaliza inali pastiche yachilendo ya zipangizo. Anali atavekedwa ndi ziboliboli za satini, tsitsi la tutu ndi tsitsi laumunthu lomwe linasakanizidwa mu phula ndipo linamangidwa ndi uta.
The Petite Danseuse de Quatine Ans, monga adayitanidwa pamene adayamba kuwonetsedwa ku Paris pa Chiwonetsero cha Sixth Impressionist mu 1881, nthawi yomweyo adayamba kutamanda ndi kudana. Wotsutsa mwatsatanetsatane Paul de Charry anayamikira izo chifukwa cha "zenizeni zenizeni" ndipo anaziwona izo ndizowopeka kwambiri. Ena ankaona zojambulajambula zakale zojambula zithunzi zojambulajambula zojambulajambula za ku Gothic kapena za ku Iguputo, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito tsitsi ndi nsalu za anthu. Chinthu chinanso chotheka chingakhalepo kuchokera ku zaka zokondweretsa zomwe Degas ankakhala ku Naples, ku Italy kupita kwa azakhali ake omwe anali atakwatirana ndi Gaetano Bellelli, mtsikana wa ku Italy.
Kumeneko, Degas akanatha kuwonetsedwa ndi mafano ambiri a Madonna omwe anali ndi tsitsi laumunthu, malaya a nsalu, koma omwe ankawoneka ngati akazi osauka ochokera kumidzi ya Italy. Pambuyo pake anaganiza kuti mwina Degas anali akuwombera ku Paris ndipo zithunzi zinali zotsutsa za maganizo awo okhudza anthu ogwira ntchito.
Otsutsa olakwika anali owala ndipo potsirizira pake ndi ofunika kwambiri. Louis Enault anati chithunzicho "chimangokhala chobisika," ndipo anawonjezera kuti, "Zowonongeka sizinayambe zakhala zikuyimira." Wotsutsa wina wa ku Britain anadandaula kuti zojambula zojambulajambula zinali zitakwera. Kutsutsa kwina (komwe 30 kumatha kusonkhana) kumaphatikizapo kufanizitsa ndi "Wosakaniza Wamng'ono" ku chifaniziro cha Madame Tussaud, ojambula zovala ndi "azimayi"
"Zovuta za Mtsikana Wachisoni" zinayang'aniridwa mwankhanza kwambiri. Ananenedwa kuti akuwoneka ngati nyani komanso kuti "ali ndi nkhope yodalirika ndi lonjezo loipa lachiwonongeko chilichonse." Pa nthawi ya Victori, kufufuza zamatsenga, ndiye chiphunzitso cha sayansi chodziwika kwambiri komanso chovomerezeka kwambiri, chimatanthawuza kufotokozera makhalidwe abwino ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kukula kwa kanijini. Chikhulupiriro ichi chinapangitsa anthu ambiri kukhulupirira kuti Degas adapatsa "Wachinyamata Wamng'ono" mphuno, m'kamwa ndi pamphuno yotchuka kuti amuwonetse kuti iye ndi wachigawenga. Komanso pa chiwonetserocho panali zithunzi za pastel zolembedwa ndi Degas zomwe zikuwonetsa wakupha omwe adalimbikitsa chiphunzitso chawo.
Degas sanali kupanga mawu otero. Monga momwe analiri muzojambula zake zonse ndi zojambula za osewera, iye anali ndi chidwi ndi kayendetsedwe ka matupi enieni omwe sanayese kuyesera. Anagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolemera komanso yofewa, koma sanafune kufotokozera choonadi cha anthu ake matupi kapena zilembo. Kumapeto kwa chiwonetsero cha Paris, "Little Dancer" anapita unsold ndipo anabwezeredwa ku studio ya ojambula kumene anakhalabe pakati 150 maphunziro opangidwa mpaka atamwalira.
Ponena za Marie, zonse zomwe zimadziwika ndi iye ndikuti anachotsedwa ku Opera chifukwa cha kuchedwa kuti adzifotokoze ndikuthawikiratu ku mbiri kwamuyaya.
Ndiye kodi "Wopanda Zaka Zaka khumi ndi Zinayi" amatha bwanji kumasamu osungirako 28 osiyanasiyana?
Degas atamwalira mu 1917, panali zithunzi zopitirira 150 mu sera ndi dongo zomwe zinapezeka mu studio yake. Olowa a Degas analola kuti Mabaibulo aponyedwe ndi mkuwa kuti ateteze ntchito zowonongeka ndipo kuti agulitsidwe monga zidutswa zomaliza. Ntchitoyi inkayendetsedwa bwino ndi yokonzedwanso ndi malo olemekezeka a bronze a Paris. Makope makumi atatu a "Little Dancer" anapangidwa mu 1922. Monga cholowa cha Degas chinakula ndipo Chikoka chinayamba kutchuka, ma bronzes omwe anapatsidwa silika ankatengedwa ndi museums padziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi "Amayi Ochepa" ali kuti ndipo ndingauwone bwanji?
Chojambula choyambirira cha sera chiri mu National Gallery of Art ku Washington DC Pa chiwonetsero chapadera cha "Little Dancer" mu 2014, nyimbo yomwe inayambira pa Kennedy Center inapangidwa ngati njira yowonongeka yokhala pamodzi ndi ena onse moyo wodabwitsa.
Zojambula zamkuwa zomwe zimakhala m'misamamu ndipo zikhoza kuwonetsedwa ndi anthu ali:
Baltimore MD, Baltimore Museum of Art
Boston MA, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Copenhagen, Denmark, Glyptoteket
Chicago IL, Chicago Institute of Art
London UK, Hay Hill Gallery
London UK, Tate Modern
New York NY, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Little Dancer uyu akutsatiridwa ndi mndandanda waukulu wa bronze casts anachita nthawi yomweyo.)
Norwich UK, Sainsbury Center for Visual Arts
Omaha NB, Joslyn Art Museum (Imodzi mwa zokongoletsera)
Paris France, Musée d'Orsay (Kuwonjezera pa Met, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi ili ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya Degas ntchito zomwe zimathandiza kuti "Little Dancer" asinthe.
Pasadena CA, Norton Simon Museum
Philadelphia PA, Philadelphia Museum of Art
St. Louis MO, Museum ya Art Museum
Williamstown MA, Sterling ndi Francine Clark Art Institute
Ma bronzes khumi ali m'magulu aumwini. Mu 2011, mmodzi wa iwo adayikidwa kuti adzigulitsa kwa Christie ndipo akuyembekezerapo kutenga pakati pa $ 25-35 miliyoni. Inalephera kulandira imodzi yokha.
Kuonjezera apo, pali pulogalamu ya "Little Dancer" imene ikupitirira kutsutsana ngati idalembedwa ndi Degas kapena ayi. Ngati kugonjera kwa Degas kukuvomerezedwa kwambiri, tikhoza kukhala ndi Dancer wina wokonzeka kulowetsa m'masamu.