Munthu wamphamvu kwambiri ku South America - m'masiku ake
Simón Bolívar anali munthu wovuta. Anali wokondweretsa kwambiri, wolemekezeka kwambiri mu malo ake komanso udindo wake, munthu wophunzira kwambiri komanso woganiza bwino amene ankakonda zinthu zomwe ankachita, wamasomphenya komanso zowonongeka.Iye anabadwa pa July 24, 1783 ku Caracas, mwana wa abusa abwino, Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte ndi mkazi wake, doña Maria de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, ndipo zaka zake zoyambirira zidadzazidwa ndi ubwino wonse chuma ndi udindo.
Aphunzitsi anali ndi maziko abwino kwambiri pa zochitika zamakono, kuphatikizapo mbiri komanso chikhalidwe cha Roma ndi Greece, kuphatikizapo mfundo zapamwamba zodziwika kwambiri ku Ulaya panthawiyo, makamaka a Jacques Rousseau, wafilosofi wazandale wa ku France.
Makolo ake anamwalira ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, ndipo Simón wamng'ono adasiyidwa ndi abambo ake aakazi, Carlos ndi Esteban Palacios. Carlos Palacios adamuukitsa kufikira ali ndi zaka fifitini, panthawi yomwe adatumizidwa ku Ulaya kuti apitirize maphunziro ake ndi Esteban Palacios. Ali panjira, adaima ku Mexico, kumene adazizwa ndi Viceroy ndi zifukwa zake zoti adzilamulire yekha ku Spain.
Ku Spain, anakumana ndi kukondana kwambiri ndi Maria Teresa Rodríguez del Toro ndi Alaysa amene anakwatira mu 1802, ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Atafika ku Venezuela chaka chotsatira, chigamulo chopha, chifukwa Maria Teresa anamwalira ndi malungo a chikasu chaka chisanafike. Osasokonezeka, Simón analumbira kuti sadzakwatiranso, lumbiro limene adasunga kwa moyo wake wonse.
Atafika ku Spain m'chaka cha 1804, Simón anaona yekha kusintha kwa ndale pamene Napoleon ankadziwika kuti ndi Mfumu ndipo anaika m'bale wake Joseph ku mpando wachifumu wa ku Spain. Osasokonezeka ndi Napoleon atasintha maganizo ake a Republican, Simón anatsalira ku Ulaya, akuyenda, akuwona kusintha kwa ufumu ndi ufumu.
Ku Italy kunali lumbiro lodziwika kuti silingathe kupuma mpaka South America itakhala mfulu.
Atabwerera ku Venezuela, Simón anapita ku United States, kumene mosakayika anaona kusiyana kwa dziko latsopano lokhaokha komanso madera a Spain ku South America. Mu 1808, Venezuela idatulutsa ufulu wochokera ku Spain ndi Andrés Bello, Luis López Mendez ndi Simón anatumizidwa ku London pamsonkhano wapadera. Simón Bolívar anabwerera ku Venezuela pa June 3, 1811 ndipo m'mwezi wa August adalankhula mawu okondweretsa ufulu. Anagwira nawo nkhondo ku Valencia motsogozedwa ndi Francisco de Miranda, wotchedwa Precursor. Miranda anabadwanso ku Caracas, mu 1750, ndipo adalowa nawo gulu la nkhondo la Spain. Iye anali msirikali wodziwa zambiri, akumenyana ndi Revolution ya America ndi French Revolutionary Wars, ndi mu utumiki wa Catherine Wamkulu, asanayambe kulowerera ku zowonongeka ku Venezuela mu 1810.
Miranda anachita monga wolamulira wotsutsa wa Venezuela mpaka apolisi a ku Spain atagonjetsa chigonjetso ku Valencia nam'tsekera m'ndende. Simón Bolívar anapita ku Cartagena, komwe adalemba Cartagena Manifesto pomwe adatsutsa mgwirizano pakati pa Venezuela ndi New Granada kuti apeze ufulu wawo ku Spain.
Anapambana, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi New Granada, yomwe idali Colombia, Panama ndi mbali ya masiku ano Venezuela, inaukira Venezuela. Anatenga Merida, ndiye Caracas, ndipo adatchedwa El Libertador . Apanso, kupambana kunali kochepa ndipo anakakamizidwa kuti athawire ku Jamaica, kumene analemba kalata yotchuka ya Jamaica. Miranda atamwalira mu 1816, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi Haiti, Bolívar anabwerera ku Venezuela mu 1817 ndipo anapitiriza nkhondoyo.
Nkhondo ya Boyaca pa August 7, 1819 inali chipambano chachikulu cha Bolívar ndi asilikali ake. Msonkhano wa Angostura unakhazikitsa Gran Colombia kuchokera m'mayiko amasiku ano a Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, ndi Ecuador. Bolívar amatchedwa Purezidenti ndipo adapitiriza kulimbitsa ufulu watsopano wodziwa nkhondo ndi dziko la Spain ndi Antonio José de Sucre, mtsogoleri wankhondo yemwe anachita monga bodza wamkulu wa Bolívar; Francisco Antonio Zea, Pulezidenti Wakale kuyambira 1819 mpaka 1821; ndi Francisco de Paula Santander, wotsatilazidenti wamkulu kuyambira 1821 mpaka 1828.
Panthawiyi, Simón Bolívar anali bwino kuti akhale munthu wamphamvu kwambiri ku South America.
M'zaka zotsatira nkhondo ya Boyaca, ulamuliro wa Chisipanishi unagonjetsedwa ndipo olamulira ankhondo anagonjetsedwa. Ndi kupambana kolimba kwa Antonio José de Sucre pa Nkhondo ya Pichincha pa May 23, 1822, kumpoto kwa South America kunamasulidwa.
Simón Bolívar ndi akazembe ake tsopano ayandikira kum'mwera kwa South America. Anakonzekera ankhondo ake kumasula dziko la Peru. Anakhazikitsa msonkhano ku Guayaquil, Ecuador, kuti akambirane njira ndi José de San Martín yemwe amadziwika kuti Liberator wa Chile ndi Protector wa Peru, komanso Knight of the Andes ndi Santo de la Espada kuti apambane ku Argentina Chile.
Simón Bolívar ndi José de San Martín anakumana paokha. Palibe amene amadziwa mawu omwe adasinthasintha, koma zotsatira za zokambirana zawo zimasiya Simón Bolívar monga mkulu wa akuluakulu. Anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake ku Peru, ndipo ndi Sucre, anagonjetsa gulu la Spain ku nkhondo ya Junín pa August 6, 1824. Pambuyo pogonjetsa nkhondo ya Ayacucho pa December 9, Bolivar adakwaniritsa cholinga chake: South America inali mfulu .
Simón Bolívar anali munthu wamphamvu kwambiri ku South America.
Anayesayesa kuyesa maboma mu nkhungu yomwe adawonekera kwa zaka zambiri. Pofika m'chaka cha 1825, anali wokonzeka. Pa August 6, 1825, Sucre anasonkhanitsa Congress of Upper Peru yomwe inakhazikitsa Republic of Bolivia kulemekeza Bolívar. Simón Bolívar analemba malamulo oyendetsera dziko la Bolivia mu 1826, koma sanakhazikitsidwe.
Mu 1826, Bolívar anaitcha Congress ya Panama, msonkhano woyamba kudziko la pansi. Simón Bolívar ankaganiza kuti dziko la South America ligwirizana.
Izo sizikanakhala ziri.
Ndondomeko zake zopondereza zinazunza ena mwa atsogoleri. Kusuntha kwa kayendedwe kunayamba. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni inachititsa kuti Gran Colombia iwonongeke m'mayiko osiyana. Panama inali gawo la Colombia mpaka itatha mu 1903.
Simón Bolívar, poyesa kupha munthu yemwe adakhalapo Purezidenti Santander, adasiya udindo wake mu 1828.
Anakhumudwa ndi owawa, akudwala chifuwa chachikulu, iye adachoka kumoyo wapagulu. Pa imfa yake pa December 17, 1830, Simón Bolívar adadedwa ndi kunyozedwa. Kulengeza kwake kotsiriza kumasonyeza mkwiyo wake pamene akunena za kupereka moyo wake ndi chuma chake chifukwa cha ufulu, chithandizo chake ndi adani ake ndi kuba kwake. Komabe, iye amawakhululukira, ndi kulimbikitsa nzika anzake kuti azitsatira malamulo ake ndikuyembekeza kuti imfa yake idzathetsa mavuto ndikugwirizanitsa dzikoli.
Nchiyani chinachitika kwa mayiko Simón Bolívar atamasulidwa?
José Antonio Páez anatsogolera gulu losiyana ndi anthu omwe mu 1830 anapanga Venezuela boma lodziimira. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, dzikoli lakhala likulamulidwa ndi caudillos (asilikali achigawenga) kuchokera ku kalasi.
General Sucre anatumikira monga pulezidenti woyamba wa Bolivia kuchokera mu 1825 mpaka 1828, chaka chomwe iye analepheretsa kuukirira ku Peru. Anatsogoleredwa ndi Andrés Santa Cruz yemwe adatumikira monga mkulu wa antchito a Bolívar. Mu 1835, Santa Cruz anayesa mgwirizano pakati pa Bolivia ndi Peru pomenyana ndi Peru ndikukhala wotetezera. Komabe, adataya nkhondo ya Yungay mu 1839, ndipo adathawira ku ukapolo ku Ulaya. Kuyambira kale, maulendo ndi mavutowo akhala akudziwika ndi mbiri yakale ya Bolivia.
Ecuador, pamene poyamba inasankha dziko, inali pafupi nthawi zinayi kukula kwake tsopano. Anataya gawo m'kulimbirana kwa malire ndi Colombia ndi Peru, ena mwa iwo adakali kutsutsana. Ndale zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa anthu osungira malamulo omwe amafuna kusunga udindo wa oligarchy ndi tchalitchi, ndi olamulira omwe amafuna kuti zinthu zisinthe, anapitirizabe m'zaka zana zotsatira.
Ku Peru kulimbana ndi malire a malire ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Anthu a ku Peru ankalamulidwa ndi oligarchy olemera omwe ankasunga miyambo yambiri ya ku Spain, kuwapatutsa osauka, makamaka amwenye. Zipanduko ndi zolamulira zandale zinakhala zachikhalidwe cha ndale.
Ku Colombia, zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu zinapangitsa dziko kukhala nkhanza zapachiweniweni ndi maulamuliro.
Izi zinapitirira mpaka m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Poyesera kuthetsa mkangano wa m'deralo ndi kusagwirizana, dzikoli linapatsidwa lamulo latsopano ndipo, mu 1863, linalowa mu Federation of States 9 yotchedwa United States of Colombia.
Pambuyo pa imfa yake, mbiri ya Simón Bolívar inabwezeretsedwa ndipo lero akulemekezedwa monga msilikali wamkulu wa South America, The Liberator. Ku Venezuela ndi Bolivia tsiku la kubadwa kwake limakondwerera monga phwando lachikolo. Mipingo, nyumba, ana, midzi ku South America ndi mayiko ena akutchulidwa kwa iye.
Cholowa chake chikupitirira.
Penyani kuti ndikupulumutsani, ndikupulumutsani ndikupita patsogolo. Porque Bolívar siyani ku America todavía.
Chimene Bolívar anasiya, sichinayambe lero. Bolívar ali ndi zinthu zoti achite mu America.
(kutembenuzidwa ndi Guide yako)
Mawu awa a José Martí, wolemba boma wa ku Cuban, wolemba ndakatulo, ndi wolemba nkhani (1853-1895) omwe adapereka moyo wake kuti athetse chikomyunizimu ku Cuba ndi ku Latin America mayiko ena, adakalipobe lero.
Atawerengedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa anthu olemba mbiri a dziko la Spain, maganizo a José Martí adakhudza atsogoleri ambiri a ndale omwe amutsata.
Martí ankakhulupirira kuti ufulu ndi chilungamo ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi boma lililonse, lomwe limamveka motsutsana ndi maganizo a Simón Bolívar momwe boma liyenera kukhalira. Chibwambani cha Bolívar chinali chokhazikitsidwa ndi zolinga zake, ndi kutanthauzira kwake dziko lakale la Rome ndi lingaliro laling'ono laling'ono la Anglo-French.
Mwachidziwikire, izi ndizo zofunika kwambiri:
- Dulani monga chofunika kwambiri.
- Lamulo laling'ono lamagetsi ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi zopangidwa ndi
- Sénate ya cholowa komanso yapamwamba.
- Gulu la akatswiri a zida zogwirizana ndi boma la "makhalidwe abwino".
- Msonkhano wotchuka wosankhidwa.
- Mtsogoleri wadziko lonse athandizidwa ndi nduna yamphamvu, yogwira ntchito kapena atumiki.
- Milandu yamilandu imachotsedwa mphamvu za malamulo.
- Ndondomeko yoyimira chisankho.
- Ufulu wa Asilikali.
Kukula kwa Republic la Bolivarani mu ndale za Latin America lero kumachokera pa mfundo izi za Simón Bolívar ndi mawu a Martí. Ndi chisankho cha Hugo Chavez monga pulezidenti wa Venezuela, komanso kusintha kwa dziko ku Republic of Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, mfundo zambiri za Bolivar zimasuliridwa mu ndale zamakono.
p] Pogwiritsa ntchito lonjezo la Bolívar lonena za kusagwirizana kwa dziko la United States, "Pulezidenti Chávez ndi otsatila ake sanasinthe cholinga chawo chokhazikitsa m'malo mwa atsogoleri a ku Venezuela ndikulemba malamulo atsopano omwe angapangitse nawo mbali, kuchepetsa chiphuphu, kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuika moyenera kwambiri ndi kuwonetseredwa mwachindunji ku ntchito za boma ndi wopereka kwambiri chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu. "
Republic of Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Panthawi ina, Pulezidenti Chavez anatembenukira ku malamulo atsopano, pamene ndime 1 imati:
"Republic of Venezuela ya Bolivariya imakhala yosasunthika komanso yosasunthika komanso ikuthandizira kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, ufulu, chilungamo ndi mtendere wapadziko lonse, malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Simon Bolivar, Libertador. Kudziimira ufulu, ufulu, ulamuliro, chitetezo, dziko kudzikhazikitsa ndi ufulu wovomerezeka. " (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Constitución Bolivarina wa Venezuela, 1999)
Kaya dziko la Bolivariya la Venezuela lidzapambana lidali losayembekezereka. Koma chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika: chitukuko pansi pa lamulo latsopano ndi zotsatira zikuyang'anitsitsa mosamala.
Ndipo otsutsa ena.