Zoopsa zachilengedwe zimapezeka ku Peru, zina zomwe zimangokhala malo amodzi okha a dziko la Peru pamene zina zimachitika m'dziko lonselo. Chigawo cha Andes, makamaka Anthony Oliver-Smith mu Angry Earth , "nthawi zonse wakhala dera loopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi."
Kwa ambiri apaulendo, zoopsa izi sizingayambitse mavuto aakulu. Mutha kukhala ndi nthawi yochepetsera kuyenda chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kuphulika kwa nthaka - makamaka ngati mukuyenda ku Peru ndi basi - koma chiopsezo chovulaza kapena choipa ndi chochepa.
Komabe, nthawi zina ngozi yaikulu ingayambitse kusokonezeka kwakukulu ndipo, panthawi yovuta kwambiri, kuwonongeka kwa moyo - vuto lomwe lingagwedezeke ndi dziko la Peru monga dziko lotukuka. Malingana ndi Young and León ku Zoopsa Zachilengedwe ku Peru , "Kuopsa kwa dziko la Peru kuopsa kwa masoka achilengedwe kukulitsidwa ndi umphawi ndi kusokonezeka pakati pa zimene sayansi ingathe kunena kapena zomwe anthu angachite."
Zowonongeka zotsatirazi ndizofala kwambiri ku Peru ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo kapena chilengedwe. Ambiri amapezeka pang'onopang'ono kapena posakhalitsa pambuyo pangozi, monga chivomezi chomwe chimayambitsa kuzunja kwa nthaka.
01 a 07
Zivomezi
Dziko la Peru limakhala ndi zivomezi , zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ndi chiwerengero cha zizindikiro zonena za " Zona Segura en Casos de Sismos " ("Zone Zone Safe in Case of Earthquakes"). Nthaŵi zambiri zimakhala ndi zivomezi zokwana 200 chaka chilichonse, ndipo chivomezi chachikulu chimachitika zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Zivomezi zazikuru m'zaka makumi asanu zapitazi zikuphatikizapo chivomezi cha 1970 kumpoto chakummwera ndi m'madera a Andean a Peru (kupha anthu okwana 70,000 a ku Peru), chivomezi cha Alto Mayo cha 1990 ndi chivomezi chimene chinapha Pisco mu 2007.
02 a 07
Kutha Kwambiri ndi Mavalidwe
Kuphulika kwazing'ono kumachitika kawirikawiri ku Peru, makamaka m'madera akumtunda ndi m'nkhalango nthawi yamvula, nthawi zambiri kumayendetsa misewu ndi kuchititsa kuchepetsa kuyenda pamtunda. Zambiri mwa izi zimayambitsidwa ndi ntchito za anthu, monga kumanga misewu yokha. Zomwe zimachitika mwachilengedwe zimakhala chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, koma zinthu monga kutsetsereka pamtunda zimathandizanso kwambiri. Zaka makumi asanu zapitazi zowononga zowonongeka zinali zochokera ku dziko la Nevado Huascarán, phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Peru . M'chaka cha 1962, galasi lopachikapo linasuntha m'phirimo, ndipo linanyamula zowonongeka kwambiri. Matauni asanu ndi anayi anaikidwa m'manda ndipo anthu oposa 4,000 anaphedwa. Mtsinje wachiwiri wa Huascarán unayambitsidwa ndi chivomerezi choopsa cha 1970, chimachititsa kuti chigwa cha glacial chichoke kumapiri, komwe kunayambanso likulu la Yungay.
03 a 07
Chigumula
Chigumula chimapezeka nthawi zonse ku Peru, makamaka m'mapiri ndi m'nkhalango. Matawuni ena, monga Tingo Maria omwe ali m'dera lamapiri la Huánuco, amakumana ndi kusefukira kwamtsinje kwakukulu zaka zambiri (chifukwa cha mvula yambiri). Chigawo cha Cusco chakumanapo ndi madzi osefukira m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Mu 2010, mvula ndi madzi osefukira zinayendetsa misewu ndi njira za sitimayi, zinawononga nyumba zokwana 2,000, zinapha anthu makumi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri ndipo zinasiya oyendayenda omwe adayendayenda m'madera onsewa. Chigumula china choopsa chimachokera m'nyanja za glacial m'mapiri a Andean. Nyanja yosakhazikikayi imayambitsa kusefukira kwa madzi, komwe kwatanthawuza miyoyo zikwi zambiri m'zaka 100 zapitazi.
04 a 07
Tsunami
Ma tsunami ambiri adakantha gombe la Peru m'zaka 400 zapitazo. Ma tsunamiwawa amachokera ku zochitika zam'madzi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi Trench ya Chile-Chile, yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 100 kuchokera ku gombe la Peru, kumene Plate ya Nazca ikugonjetsedwa pansi pa South American Plate. Zambiri sizikusowa kwambiri zakale zambiri zolembedwa za tsunami, koma za 1586, 1604, 1687 ndi 1746 zikukhulupiriridwa kuti zakhala zowonongeka kwambiri, zowononga malo onse okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Peru. Chivomezi chomaliza cha tsunami chinachitika m'chaka cha 2001 chivomezi cha 8.4 kum'mwera kwa Peru. Tsunami inapha anthu osachepera 26.
05 a 07
Kuphulika kwa mphepo
Kumwera kwa Peru ndi dera lopsa. Mipiriko yambiri, monga Sabancaya ndi El Misti, amaonedwa kuti ndi yoopsa ndipo imakhala ikuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse. Kawirikawiri, kuphulika kwa mapiri sikungowonjezereka. Komabe, mbiri yakale, dziko la Peru likunena kuti mliri umodzi wa zowonongeka kwambiri. Mu 1600, Huaynaputina anaphulika mwamphamvu, napha anthu oposa 1,500 a ku Peru. Chiwerengero cha imfa chakuderalo sichinali kanthu poyerekeza ndi tsoka la padziko lonse limene linayambitsidwa ndi mphukira. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku yunivesite ya California amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe zinatulutsidwa m'mlengalenga zinasintha nyengo ya padziko lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makamaka ku Russia Njala - chochitika chomwe chinapha anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni a ku Russia.
06 cha 07
El Niño
El Niño ndi yovuta komanso yosamvetsetseka kutentha komwe kumachitika zaka zitatu kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri. Pa zochitika za El Niño, "kugwirizana pakati pa mphepo, madzi a m'nyanjayi, kutentha kwa nyanja ndi mlengalenga ndi mlengalenga zimasanduka njira zowonongeka" (Earth Observatory; "El Niño ndi chiyani?"). Ku Peru, izi zimabweretsa nyengo yachisokonezo komanso yovulaza. Mvula yamkuntho imagwa m'madera omwe mumakhala mvula yamphepete mwa mvula, zomwe zimayambitsa kusefukira kwa madzi ndi zochitika zina. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mapiri angathe kuvutika ndi chilala chofoola. El Niño ya 1997-1998 - yoipa kwambiri m'mbiri yaposachedwapa - inakhudza anthu pafupifupi 600,000, kuphatikizapo mazana ambiri ophedwa, nyumba 40,500 zawonongeka kapena zowonongeka ndi kusambidwa kwa misewu ndi madokolo zikwi zambiri.
07 a 07
Matenda
Matendawa ndi osiyana ndi masoka ena achilengedwe chifukwa sali okhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Zochita za anthu, monga kumidzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa ukhondo, zimathandizanso pakuyambika kwa ziphuphu kapena miliri. Oyenda ayenera kulandira katemera onse ku Peru asanayambe kuyenda. Matenda ena omwe angakhale oopsa, monga malungo ndi dengue fever, alibe katemera. Pazochitikazi, kupeŵa kulumidwa kwa udzudzu ndiko njira yayikulu yopewera.
> Mafotokozedwe:
- > "Zowononga Zachilengedwe ku Peru: Kuchititsa Nkhanza ndi Kuwopsa" - Kenneth R. Young ndi Blanca León
- > "Peru: Masoka Achilengedwe ndi Mphamvu Zake" - Maphunziro a Dziko
- > "Peru: Dziko la Andes lomwe liri ndi Mavuto aakulu ndi Mavuto Odzidzimutsa" - Heriberto Urby Jr., David A. McEntire ndi Ekong J. Peters
- > Dziko Lowopsya: Zowonongeka M'machitidwe a Anthropological - Anthony Oliver-Smith ndi Susanna M. Hoffman