Borobudur - Chikumbutso chachikulu cha Buddhist ku Indonesia

Yomangidwa mu 8th Century, Borobudur ndi Chikumbutso kwa Ufumu wa Buddhist woiwalika

Borobudur ndi chimphona chachikulu cha Mahayana Buddhist ku Central Java. Yomangidwa mu AD 800, chikumbumtimacho chinatayika kwa zaka zambiri pakutha kwa maufumu a Buddhist ku Java. Borobudur inapezekanso m'zaka za zana la 19, kupulumutsidwa ku nkhalango zoyandikana, ndipo lero ndi malo akuluakulu a Buddhist a pilgrimage site.

Borobudur imamangidwa pamlingo waukulu - sizingakhale zosiyana, chifukwa sizowoneka ngati chiwonetsero cha zakuthambo monga fiolosofi ya Buddhist imamvetsa.

Mukalowa mu Borobudur, mumalowetsedwa mumwala, womwe uli ulendo wokongola kwambiri kwa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, ngakhale kuti padzafunikanso chitsogozo chodziƔika bwino.

Makhalidwe a Borobudur

Chipilalacho chimawoneka ngati mandala, kupanga mapangidwe angapo - nsanja zisanu zapafupi pansipa, nsanja zinayi zozungulira pamwamba - zodzala ndi njira yomwe imatenga amwendamnjira kudzera m'magulu atatu a cosmology ya Buddhist.

Alendo amakwera masitepe otsika kumtunda uliwonse; mipiringidzo imakongoletsedwa ndi mapauni 2,672 opereka chithandizo omwe amalongosola nkhani kuchokera ku moyo wa Buddha ndi mafanizo a Buddhist.

Kuti muwone mapepala otsegulira bwino, muyenera kuyamba kuchokera ku chipata chakummawa, ndikuyenda mozungulira ndikuwongolera mlingo umodzi mukamaliza dera.

Mipata ya Borobudur

Borobudur wotsika kwambiri akuyimira Kamadhatu (dziko lachikhumbo ), ndipo amakongoletsedwera ndi zokopa 160 zomwe zikuwonetsa zoipitsa za chikhumbo chaumunthu ndi zotsatira zawo za karmic. Mafanizowa akuyenera kuti azitsogolere oyendayenda kuti achoke ku Nirvana.

Pulatifomu yotsika kwambiri imangowonetsera pang'ono chabe za reliefs; gawo lalikulu kwambiri la Borobudur linakongoletsedwa ndi miyala yowonjezerapo, kuphatikizapo ena a reliefs.

Wotsogolera wathu adawonetsa kuti zina mwazitsulo za salacious zinaphimbidwa, koma palibe umboni wotsimikizira izi.

Pamene mlendo akukwera ku Rupadhatu (dziko lonse la maonekedwe, lomwe liri ndi magawo asanu akutsatira), zotsitsimutsa zimayamba kufotokozera nkhani yozizwitsa ya kubadwa ndi kubadwa kwa Buddha. Zolembedwa zimasonyezanso ntchito zamatsenga ndi mafanizo omwe amachokera ku chikhalidwe cha Buddhist.

Kupita ku Arupadhatu (dziko lopanda maonekedwe, ma Barobudur olemekezeka anayi), mlendoyo akuwona zojambula zowonongeka zojambula zithunzi za Buddha mkati. Kumene mapulaneti anayi oyambirira ali malire kumbali zonse ndi miyala, magulu anayi apamwamba ali otseguka, akuwonetsa malingaliro ochepa a magelang regence ndi phiri la Merapi patali.

Pamwamba kwambiri, chapamwamba chapamwamba chimakongoletsa Borobudur. Avereji alendo saloledwa kulowa mu stupa, osati kuti pali chirichonse chowona - chopanda kanthu kalibe kanthu, chifukwa chikuyimira kuthawira ku Nirvana kapena chopanda pake ndicho cholinga chachikulu cha Buddhism.

Zithunzi za Buddha ku Borobudur

Zithunzi za Buddha m'magulu anayi apansi a Borobudur ali ndi "maganizo" angapo kapena mudra , zomwe zikufotokozera chochitika m'moyo wa Buddha.

Bhumi Sparsa Mudra: "Chisindikizo chokhudza dziko lapansi", chojambulidwa ndi ziboliboli za Buddha kumbali ya kummawa - manja akumanzere atseguka pamapiko awo, dzanja lamanja pamadzulo ndila zala.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti Buddha akulimbana ndi chiwanda Mara, kumene akuitana Dewi Bumi kuti mulungu wamkazi kuti aone zovuta zake.

Vara Mudra: akuyimira "chikondi", chojambula ndi ziboliboli za Buddha kumbali yakum'mwera - dzanja lamanja likulumikiza kanjedza ndi zala pa bondo lakumanja, dzanja lamanzere litatsegulidwa pamtunda.

Dhyana Mudra: akuyimira "kusinkhasinkha", wojambula ndi mafano a Buddha kumbali ya kumadzulo - manja awiri anaikidwa pa chikopa, kudzanja lamanja kumanzere, mitengo yonse ya kanjedza ikuyang'ana mmwamba, misonkhano yachiwiri ya thupi.

Abhaya Mudra: akuyimira chitonthozo ndi kuthetsa mantha, opangidwa ndi ziboliboli za Buddha kumbali ya kumpoto - dzanja lamanzere linatsegulidwa pamtunda, dzanja lamanja likukwera pamwamba pa bondo ndi choyang'ana cha kanjedza kutsogolo.

Vitarka Mudra: akuyimira "kulalikira", akuyang'aniridwa ndi Mabuddha pamtunda wa pamwamba pamtunda - dzanja lamanja likulumikizidwa mmwamba, thupi ndi thumba lakumwamba likukhudza, kusonyeza kulalikira.

Zithunzi za Buddha zapamwamba zimakhala zozungulira; imodzi mwachindunji yasiyidwa yosakwanira kuwululira Buddha mkati. Wina akuyenera kupereka mwayi ngati mungathe kukhudza dzanja lake; ndi zovuta kuposa momwe zikuwonekera, ngati mutagwira dzanja lanu, simungathe kuona fanoli mkati!

Waisak ku Borobudur

Mabuddha ambiri amapita ku Borobudur pa Waisak (tsiku la Chidziwitso cha Chibuda). Pa Waisak, mazana ambiri a amonke achi Buddhist ochokera ku Indonesia ndi malo ena oyambira kumayambiriro a 2am akuyenda pafupi ndi Candi Mendut, akuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 1.5 kupita ku Borobudur.

Mtunduwu umapita pang'onopang'ono, ndikulira kwambiri ndikupemphera, kufikira atakafika ku Borobudur pafupi 4am. Amonkewa amatha kuyendetsa kachisi, kukwera mmwamba mwazigawo zawo, ndikuyembekezera kuoneka kwa mwezi pamapeto (izi zikusonyeza kubadwa kwa Buddha), zomwe amavomereza ndi nyimbo. Zikondwererozo zimathera atatha kutuluka.

Kufika ku Borobudur

Malipiro olowera Borobodur ndi $ 20; maofesi a tikiti amatseguka kuyambira 6am mpaka 5pm. Mukhozanso kutenga tikiti ya Borobudur / Prambanan yokwana IDR 360,000 (kapena pafupifupi US $ 28.80, kuwerenga za ndalama za Indonesia ). Ndege yapafupi yomwe ili pafupi ndi Yogyakarta, pafupi ndi mphindi 40 kuchokera pagalimoto.

Basi: Pitani ku sitima ya basi ya Jombor (Google Maps) ku Sleman kumpoto kwa Yogyakarta; Kuchokera pano, mabasi amayenda nthawi zonse pakati pa mzinda ndi besi ya Borobudur (Google Maps). Ulendowu umadalira IDR 20,000 (pafupifupi US $ 1.60) ndipo amatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi ndi ola limodzi ndi hafu kuti amalize. Kachisi womwewo ukhoza kufika pamtunda wa mphindi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri kuchokera ku sitima ya basi.

Ndibusimasi yogwiritsidwa ntchito: Iyi ndi njira yosavuta yopita ku Borobudur, koma osati yotsika mtengo: funsani hotelo yanu Yogyakarta kuti mutsimikize phukusi laulendo wa minibus. Malingana ndi phukusilo la inclusions (othandizira ena angaphatikizepo maulendo opita ku Prambanan , Kraton , kapena mafakitale ambiri a batik ndi siliva ) mitengo imatha kutenga pakati pa IDR 70,000 ndi IDR 200,000 (pakati pa US $ 5,60 mpaka US $ 16,000).

Kuchokera ku malo otchedwa Manohara Hotel, mumatenga Borobudur Sunrise Tour yomwe imakufikitsani ku kachisi pa ola laumulungu la 4:30 m'mawa, ndikukuwonetsani kachisiyo ndi mazira a dzuwa mpaka dzuwa litalowa. Kutuluka kwa dzuwa kumatenga IDR 380,000 (pafupifupi US $ 30) kwa alendo omwe sanali a Manohara, ndi IDR 230,000 (pafupifupi US $ 18.40) kwa alendo a Manohara.