Momwe Anayendera Ndipo Chifukwa Chake Msewu wa Silika Unatsegulidwa ku China Yakale
Ndikufuna kumvetsetsa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi kuti magwero achidziwitsowa ndi a Peter Hopkirk omwe ndi adiresi zakunja zakunja pa msewu wa Silk zomwe zimatchula mbiri yakale ya Silk Road pamodzi ndi zofukulidwa m'mabwinja a malo osungirako malo (ndi kulandidwa kwa malo akale) m'mphepete mwa misewu yakale yamalonda oyendetsa kafukufuku wa azaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri. Ndasintha anthu ndikuika mayina ku chiyanjano cha Hanyu Pinyin.
Mau oyamba
Ndikufunanso kufotokoza chifukwa chake n'kofunikira alendo ku China, makamaka kumadzulo - zigawo kuchokera ku Province la Shaanxi kupita ku Province la Xinjiang, kuti amvetse nkhaniyi. Aliyense amene amayenda kumadzulo kwa China mosakayika amakhala kwathunthu kapena pang'ono, mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji, pa ulendo wa Silk Road. Dzipezeni nokha ku Xi'an ndipo mwaimirira pa likulu lakale la Chang'an, nyumba ya mtsogoleri wa Han Dynasty omwe mafumu ake ndiwo amachititsa kutsegula njira zamakono zamalonda komanso kunyumba kwa Tang Dynasty omwe " "malonda, maulendo ndi kusinthanitsa chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro anakula bwino. Ulendo wopita kumapanga akale a Mogao ku Dunhuang ndipo mukuyang'ana mzinda wakale wa oasis umene unkayenda ndi ntchito zamalonda komanso komanso malo achibuda achibuda. Pitani ngakhale kumadzulo kuchokera ku Dunhuang ndipo mutadutsa Yumenguan (玉门关), Chipata cha Jade, chipatala aliyense wakale wa Silk Road amayenera kudutsa njira yake kumadzulo kapena kummawa .
Kumvetsetsa mbiri ya msewu wa Silk ndilo gawo la zosangalatsa zamakono zamasiku ano. Nchifukwa chiyani zonsezi ziri pano? Kodi zinatheka motani? Zimayamba ndi mzera wa Han Emperor Wudi ndi mtumiki wake Zhang Qian.
Mavuto a Dina a Han
Mu ulamuliro wa Han, adani ake anali mafuko a Xiongnu omwe ankakhala kumpoto kwa Han omwe likulu lawo linali Chang'an (masiku ano Xi'an).
Iwo ankakhala mumzinda wa Mongolia tsopano ndipo anayamba kuwononga anthu a ku China pa nthawi ya nkhondo (476-206BC) pochititsa mfumu Qin Huangdi (wa Terracotta Warrior Fame) kuti ayambe kulumikiza zomwe zili Panopa. The Han anapitiriza kulimbitsa ndi kutambasula khoma.
Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti magulu ena amati Xiongnu akuganiziridwa kukhala otsogolera a Huns - aphungu a ku Europe - koma sikuti ndiwotsimikizika. Komabe, alangizi athu a ku Lanzhou adalankhula za kugwirizanitsa ndipo adatcha Xiongnu "Hun People" akale.
Wudi Akufuna Kugwirizana
Pofuna kuthetsa zidazi, Emperor Wudi anatumiza Zhang Qian kumadzulo kukafunafuna mgwirizano ndi anthu omwe anagonjetsedwa ndi Xiongnu ndikuwathamangitsa kudutsa m'chipululu cha Taklamakan. Anthu awa ankatchedwa Yuezhi.
Zhang Qian anayenda mu 138BC ndi gulu la amuna 100 koma analandidwa ndi Xiongnu mu Gansu yamasiku ano ndipo anagwira zaka 10. Pambuyo pake adathawa ndi amuna ochepa ndikupita kudera la Yuezhi kuti adzigwetse pansi pamene Yuezhi adakhala mosangalala ndipo sanafune kubwezera chilango pa Xiongnu.
Zhang Qian anabwerera ku Wudi ndi mmodzi yekha mwa mabwenzi ake okwana 100 koma analemekezedwa ndi mfumu ndi khoti chifukwa cha 1) kubwerera, 2) nzeru zapamwamba zomwe adasonkhanitsa ndi 3) mphatso zomwe anabweretsa (anagulitsa silika kwa A Parthians nthiwatiwa a nthiwatiwa motero kuyambira kuphulika kwa silika ku Roma ndi "kukondweretsa khoti" ndi dzira lalikulu chotero !!)
Zotsatira za kusonkhanitsa kwa nzeru za Zhang Qian
Pogwiritsa ntchito ulendo wake, Zhang Qian adalengeza China kukhalapo kwa maufumu ena kumadzulo komwe adalipo mpaka pomwe sadziwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo Ufumu wa Fergana omwe mahatchi a Han China angafune ndipo potsirizira pake adzakwanitsa kupeza Samarkand, Bokhara, Balkh, Persia, ndi Li-Jian (Rome).
Zhang Qian adabweranso akunena za "akavalo akumwamba" a Fergana. Wudi, kumvetsetsa mwayi wapamtundu wa zinyama zoterezi pamathamanga ake anatumiza maphwando angapo ku Fergana kugula / kutenganso mahatchi ku China.
Kufunika kopambana kwa kavalo kunaloŵerera muzithunzi za Han Dynasty monga momwe tingaonekere mu Flying Horse ya Gansu (yomwe tsopano ikuwonetsedwa ku Gansu Provincial Museum ).
Msewu wa Silk Umatsegulidwa
Kuchokera m'nthaŵi ya Wudi, maiko a Chitchaina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala ndi otetezedwa kudera lakumadzulo kuti agulitse katundu ndi maufumu kumadzulo.
Malonda onse adadutsa mu Han-built Yumenguan (玉门关), kapena Chipata cha Jade. Ankaika magulu a asilikali m'matawuni omwe anali kunja kwa makilomita ndi makamera a ngamila ndipo amalonda anayamba kutenga silika, zitsulo, ndi zitsulo kumadzulo kudutsa m'cipululu cha Taklamakan ndipo potsirizira pake ku Ulaya pamene golidi, ubweya wa nkhosa, nsalu ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ankayenda kummawa kwa China. Mosakayikira chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti tibwere pa msewu wa Silk chinali Chibuddha pamene chimafalikira kudzera ku China kudzera njira iyi yofunikira.
Panalibe njira imodzi yokha ya Silik - mawuwa amatanthauza njira zingapo zomwe zimatsatira mizinda ya oasis ndi amtunda wodutsa pafupi ndi Chipata cha Jade ndipo kenako kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kuzungulira Taklamakan. Panali njira zamakono zomwe zinkapititsa malonda ku Balkh (masiku ano Afghanistan) komanso ku Bombay kupyolera mu Karakoram Pass.
Kwa zaka 1,500 zotsatira, kufikira mafumu a Ming atatseka kuyankhulana ndi anthu akunja, njira ya Silk idzawoneka ikukwera ndi kugwa kofunika monga mphamvu ya China inagwedezeka ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu ku China kumadzulo kumapeza kapena kugonjetsa mphamvu. Kawirikawiri amaganiza kuti Mzera wa Tang (618-907AD) unawona nthawi ya golide ya kuyankhulana ndi kugulitsa malonda pa Silk Road.
Zhang Qian ankayang'aniridwa ndi Khoti la Han monga The Great Traveler ndipo akhoza kutchedwa Bambo wa Silk Road.