Nkhumba za m'nyanja, zomwe zimatchedwanso kuti zikopa za m'nyanja, zatha kupweteka masoka achilengedwe, kuwonjezeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitundu ina monga mitundu ya dinosaurs, koma tsopano ikuyang'anatu ndi chiwombankhanga chawo: munthu.
Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yokhala ndi nyanjayi padziko lonse lapansi, zonse zimagawidwa mofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika pamoyo wawo, ngakhale kuti zinthuzo ndizosiyana.
Mitundu yomwe ili pansipa molimba ndi yomwe imapezeka ku Latin America.
Madera awo a Central America, pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific ndi Caribbean kumtunda kwa Atlantic mpaka kumwera kwa Brazil ndi Uruguay. Pali zitsamba zobiriwira pazilumba za Galapagos, koma musasokoneze iwo ndi ziphuphu zazikulu.
Pali chitetezo ndi chitetezo kuti asunge mphukira. Ku Uruguay, polojekiti ya Karumbé yakhala ikuyang'anira malo awiri osowa zakudya ndi chitukuko cha nkhwangwa za achinyamata (Chelonia mydas) kwazaka zisanu. Ku Panama, Beach ya Chiriquí, Panama Hawksbill Tracking Project ndi mbali ya Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League.
Mitundu itatu mwa mitundu isanu ndi iŵiriyi ili pangozi yaikulu:
- Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Dzina Loyamba: Hawksbill - amatchulidwa mutu wake wopapatiza ndi nyongolotsi.Dzina la sayansi: Eretmochelys imbricata
Kufotokozera: Hawksbill ndi imodzi mwa makungwa ang'onoang'ono a m'nyanja. Mutu ndi wopapatiza ndipo uli ndi awiri awiri a prefrontal mamba (mamba patsogolo pa maso ake). Jaw si serrated. Carapace ndi bony popanda mapepala ndipo ili ndi zikuluzikulu, zong'amba zowonjezera (mamba) zomwe ziripo ndi zotsatila 4 zam'tsogolo. Carapace ndi mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira. Mapulogalamu ali ndi zikhomo ziwiri. Carapace ndi lalanje, lachikasu kapena lachikasu ndi lachitsamba ndi lofiira kwambiri.
Kukula: Anthu akuluakulu ndi 2.5 mpaka mamita atatu mu carapace (76-91 cm).
Kulemera kwake: Akuluakulu akhoza kulemera pakati pa makilogalamu 40 mpaka 60.
Chakudya: Mutu wamphongo ndi mitsempha ya hawksbill yomwe imapangidwa ngati mlomo imalola kuti mupeze chakudya kuchokera kumapiri a coral. Amadya sponges, anemones, squid ndi shrimp.
Habitat: Kawirikawiri amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'matanthwe, m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Kudula: Nyere pamapakati a zaka 2, 3, kapena kuposa. Zimasambira pakati pa 2 mpaka 4 pa nyengo iliyonse. Muyeso mazira 160 pa chisa chilichonse. Mazira amatenga masiku pafupifupi 60.
Mtunda: Zambiri zam'madzi otsekemera. Madzi otentha ndi otentha a m'nyanja ya Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian Ocean. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Hawksbill Turtles.
- Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea)
Dzina Loyamba: Chikopa chotchedwa Leatherback - chomwe chimatchedwa chigoba chake chodabwitsa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi chikopa cha khungu lopweteka, lolimba, lasupa, lolimbikitsidwa ndi mbale zing'onozing'ono zamapfupa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati "zotetezeka."
Dzina la sayansi: Dermochelys coriacea
Kufotokozera: Mutu uli ndi chifuwa chapamwamba kwambiri chophwanyidwa ndi 2 cusps. Chikopa cha leatherback ndi kokha kamba ka nyanja kamene kalibe chipolopolo cholimba. Mbalame yake imakhala yayikulu, yokhala ndi mapiko ndipo imatha kusinthana ndi mapiri 7 omwe amatha kutalika kwa nyama. Powonjezeredwa ndi khungu lakuda, lolimba, khungu la rubbery, lolimbikitsidwa ndi mbale zazing'ono zamphongo zikwizikwi, carapace ilibe mamba, kupatula muzing'amba. Zipsepse zonse zilibe mzere. Carapace ndi yakuda imvi kapena yakuda ndi mawanga oyera, pomwe pulasitiki imakhala yoyera ndipo imakhala ndi mapiri asanu. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mabala oyera pa carapace.
Kukula: masentimita 121 mpaka 183. Nsalu yaikulu kwambiri ya leatherback yomwe inalembedwa kale inali yaikulu mamita 305 kuchokera kumapeto kwa mlomo wake mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira wake ndi kulemera makilogalamu 916.
Kulemera kwake: makilogalamu 550 mpaka 1,545 (250-700 makilogalamu).
Zakudya: Nsalu zamakono zili ndi mitsempha yowopsya, yowopsya. Nsagwada zawo zikhoza kuonongeka ndi china chirichonse kupatula chakudya cha nyama zofewa, motero amadyetsa pafupifupi kokha nsomba. Ndizodabwitsa kuti nyama yaikuluyi, yogwira ntchito ikhoza kupulumuka pa kudya zakudya zokhala ndi jellyfish, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi madzi ambiri ndipo zimawoneka kuti ndizochepa zakudya zowonjezera.
Habitat: Amapezeka makamaka m'nyanjayi, kutali ndi kumpoto monga Alaska ndi kumwera kwenikweni kummwera kwa Africa, ngakhale kuti posachedwapa kufufuza kafukufuku wa satana kumaonetsa kuti zikopa zimadya m'madera akumtunda. Amadziwika kuti amagwira ntchito m'madzi pansi pa madigiri 40 Fahrenheit, wokhawokha yemwe amadziwika kuti amakhalabe wogwira ntchito yotentha kwambiri.
Kudzetsa: Nyere pamapakati a zaka 2 mpaka 3, ngakhale kafukufuku waposachedwapa wanena kuti akhoza chisa chaka chilichonse. Zimayambira pakati pa 6 mpaka 9 pa nthawi iliyonse, ndi masiku khumi pakati pa nestings. Gwiritsani mazira 80 odyetsedwa, kukula kwa mabiliyoni, ndi mazira 30 osapangidwira, pa chisa chilichonse. Mazira amatenga masiku pafupifupi 65. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya zikopa za m'nyanja, zikopa za leatherback zingasinthe zinyanja, ngakhale kuti zimakhalabe m'madera omwewo.
Mtundu: Ambiri amagawanika kwambiri m'mitsuko yonse yamchere. Kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi ndi kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa mitundu yonse ya nyanja za m'nyanja. Leatherback imatha kusambira mafunde masauzande makilomita ambiri pamtunda komanso pamphepete mwa madzi. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Leatherback Turtles.
- Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)
Dzina Loyamba: Kemp's ridley - wotchedwa Kemp wa Richard Kemp, yemwe adathandizira kupeza ndi kuphunzira kamba. Palibe amene amadziwa chifukwa chake amatchedwa ridley, mwina chifukwa chokhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana ngati azitona.Dzina la sayansi: Lepidochelys kempii
Malongosoledwe: Mutu ndi wocheperapo ndi wautatu mu kukula. Carapace ndi bony popanda mapiri ndipo ali ndi zikuluzikulu, zopanda malire (mamba) omwe alipo. Carapace ili ndi zisanu zisanu zotsatizana ndipo ndizozungulira. Mapulogalamu am'mbuyo ali ndi claw 1, pamene phokoso lakumbuyo lili ndi zikhomo 1 kapena 2. Anthu akuluakulu ali ndi galasi yamdima yobiriwira yamtengo wapatali ndi plastron yoyera kapena yachikasu, pamene tizilombo timeneti timakhala tambirimbiri.
Kukula: Akuluakulu amatha kutalika mamita 65 cm.
Kulemera kwake: Akuluakulu amalemera pakati pa 77 ndi 100 makilogalamu.
Chakudya: Mukhale ndi mitsempha yamphamvu yomwe imathandiza kuti iphwanye ndi kukupera nkhanu, kuchepa, mussels, ndi shrimp. Amafunanso kudya nsomba, urchins, nyanja ndi jellyfish.
Habitati: Sankhani malo osalimba omwe ali ndi mchenga ndi matope.
Kumeta: Chinyama cha Kemp cha ridleys nthawi zambiri kuposa mitundu ina, zaka 1 1/2 zilizonse. Amakhalanso ndi chisa chake chotchedwa arribadas (Chisipanishi cha "kufika"). Mtengo wa azitona wokha ndi umene umasokoneza njira iyi. Kemp's ridley chisa 2 - katatu pa nyengo iliyonse. Amaika mazira pafupifupi 140 pa chisa chilichonse ndipo mazira amawombera masiku pafupifupi 55.
Mtundu: Anthu akuluakulu amangokhala ku Gulf of Mexico. Zigawenga zimaphatikizapo pakati pa madera otentha ndi ozizira kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja za kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kum'mawa kwa United States. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Kemp Ridley Turtles.
Atatu ali pangozi:
- Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Dzina Loyamba: Loggerhead - yotchulidwa mutu wake waukulu kwambiri.Dzina la sayansi: Caretta caretta
Kufotokozera: Mutu ndi waukulu kwambiri ndi nsagwada zamphamvu. Carapace ndi bony popanda mapiritsi ndipo ali ndi zikuluzikulu, zosagwedezeka, zopweteketsa (mamba) zomwe zilipo ndi zotsatira zotsatila zisanu. Carapace ndizopangidwa ndi mtima Mapulotheni am'tsogolo ndi ofooka ndi ophwima ndi zikhomo ziwiri. Pamene ziphuphu zambuyo zingakhale ndi zikhomo ziwiri kapena zitatu. Carapace ndi wofiirira-bulauni ndi plastron ya chikasu. Mbalame zam'mimba zimakhala ndi carapace ya mdima wonyezimira ndi mapiko ofiirira otumbululuka pazitsamba.
Kukula: Kawirikawiri 2.5 mpaka 3.5 m'lifupi mwake (73-107 cm).
Kulemera kwake: Munthu wamkulu amalemera makilogalamu 159.
Chakudya: Choyamba amadya ndipo amadyetsa makamaka nkhumba zomwe zimakhala pansi pa nyanja. Amadya nkhanu za horseshoe, ziphuphu, mitsempha, ndi zina zosawerengeka. Mitsempha yawo yamphamvu ya nsagwada imathandiza kuti mosavuta aziphwanya nsombazi.
Habitat: Sankhani kudyetsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo osungira madzi, komanso m'madzi osaya pamapiri a continental a Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian Ocean.
Kudula: Nyere pamapakati a zaka 2, 3, kapena kuposa. Amaika zisa 4 mpaka 7 pa nyengo, pafupifupi masiku 12 kapena 14 padera. Muyeso wa pakati pa mazira 100 mpaka 126 pa chisa chilichonse. Mazira amatenga masiku pafupifupi 60.
Mtunda: Upezeka m'madzi onse otentha komanso otentha padziko lonse lapansi. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Loggerhead Turtles.
- Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Dzina Loyamba: Olive ridley - wotchedwa chigoba cha mtundu wake wa azitonaDzina la sayansi: Lepidochelys olivaceaf
Kufotokozera: Mutu ndi waung'ono. Carapace ndi bony popanda mapiri ndipo ili ndi zikopa zazikulu (mamba). Carapace ili ndi zifukwa zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo zotsatizana ndipo zimakhala zozungulira komanso zosalala. Thupi lake ndi lakuya kwambiri kuposa Kemp's Ridley nyanja ya turtle. Zipsepse zam'mbuyo ndi zam'mbuyo zimakhala ndi zidutswa ziwiri kapena ziwiri zooneka. Nthawi zina pamakhala zida zowonjezera pamapiko opita kutsogolo. Mabala ndi makala amtundu wakuda, pamene akuluakulu ndi amdima wobiriwira. Mbalame zimakhala zakuda ngati zimadontho ndi mbali zobiriwira.
Kukula: Akuluakulu amatha kutalika kwa mamita 62 mpaka 70 mu carapace.
Kulemera kwake: Akuluakulu amalemera pakati pa 77 ndi 100 makilogalamu.
Zakudya: Mukhale ndi mitsempha yamphamvu yomwe imapatsa zakudya zamagustaceans (monga nsomba ndi crabs), mollusks, tunicates, nsomba, nkhanu, ndi shrimp.
Habitat: Kawirikawiri imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo osungiramo malo, koma ikhoza kukhala nyanja yamchere pamadera ena ake. Amadzimutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja pamtunda kapena amapita pansi mpaka mamita 150 kuti adye chakudya cha pansi pamtunda.
Kumeta: Chisa chaka chilichonse ku arribadas. Zisamba 2 nthawi iliyonse nyengo. Ikani mazira oposa 105 pa chisa chilichonse. Mazira amatenga masiku pafupifupi 55. Kawirikawiri mtengo wa clutch ndi mazira oposa 110 omwe amafunikira nthawi yosakaniza masiku 52 mpaka 58.
Mtunda: Maolivi otchedwa Oliftley amakhala m'madzi otentha ndi amchere a m'nyanja ya Pacific, Indian ndi Atlantic. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Olive Ridley Turtles.
- Chobiriwira (Chelonia mydas)
Dzina Loyamba: Kamba kofiirira ka mtundu wobiriwira kamene amawatcha kuti mafuta obiriwira pansi pa chipolopolo chake. (M'madera ena, kamba kobiriwira ku Pacific kumatchedwanso kuti nyanja yakuda yakuda.)Dzina la Sayansi: Chelonia mydas
Kufotokozera: Iwo amasiyanitsa mosavuta ndi mavotolo ena a m'nyanjayi chifukwa ali ndi miyeso yapamwamba (mamba patsogolo pa maso ake), osati mawiri awiri monga nyanja zina. Mutu ndi wawung'ono komanso wosasunthika ndi nsagwada yotchedwa serrated. Carapace ndi bony popanda mapiritsi ndipo ali ndi zikuluzikulu, zopanda malire, zokopa (mamba) zomwe zilipo zokhazokha zokha. Thupi liri pafupi kwambiri ndipo limakhala lopanikizika (laphatikizidwa) poyerekeza ndi mavuni obiriwira a Pacific. Mapulogalamu onse ali ndi claw 1 yooneka. Mtundu wa carapace umasiyana ndi utoto wofiira ndi wobiriwira komanso wofiira kwambiri, wofiirira ndi wobiriwira. The plastron imasiyana ndi zoyera, zoyera kapena zachikasu m'nyanja ya Atlantic kupita ku mdima wobiriwira-wobiriwira ku Pacific. Zitsambazi ndi zofiira kapena zofiira ndi zoyera pansi ndi zoyera zamphepete.
Kuyerekezera, kamba kobiriwira ku Pacific (mtundu wa Turtles Black Sea Turtle) ili ndi thupi lomwe limakwezeka kwambiri kapena limawoneka mozungulira kwambiri kuposa nsomba zina zapamadzi zobiriwira. Mtundu ndi malo omwe mumawona kusiyana kwakukulu ndi masamba a Pacific omwe ali ndi mdima wandiweyani ku carapace wakuda ndipo mazirawa ndi ofiira kapena a wakuda omwe ali ndi malire oyera ndi oyera pansi.
Kukula: Akuluakulu ndi mamita 3.5 mpaka 4 m'kati mwa carapace (76-91 cm). Nkhuku yobiriwira ndi yaikulu kwambiri pa banja la Cheloniida. Nkhuku yaikulu kwambiri yomwe inapezekapo inali yaitali mamita 152 ndi makilogalamu 395.
Kulemera kwake: Munthu wamkulu amadzilemera mapaundi okwana 300 mpaka 400 (makilogalamu 136-180).
Zakudya: Kusintha kwakukulu pa moyo wake. Pamene kutalika kwa 8 mpaka 10 m'litali kumadya mphutsi, achinyamata a crustaceans, tizilombo zamadzi, udzu ndi algae. Kamodzi kansalu kameneka kamakhala masentimita 8 mpaka 10 m'litali, makamaka amadya udzu ndi algae, kamba kokha kokha kamene kamakhala kovuta kwambiri ngati munthu wamkulu. Nsagwada zawo zimakhala zotsekemera bwino zomwe zimawathandiza iwo powaza zomera.
Habitati: Khalani pafupi ndi gombe ndi kuzungulira zilumba ndikukhala kumalo otetezeka, makamaka m'madera okhala ndi mabedi. Kawirikawiri amawonekera m'nyanja.
Kumeta: Chisa cha mtundu wa green turtles pafupipafupi zaka 2, 3, kapena kuposerapo, zomwe zimachitika chaka ndi chaka kusinthasintha kwa nyerere zazimayi. Zimayambira pakati pa 3 ndi 5 pa nthawi iliyonse. Ikani mazira 115 pa chisa chilichonse, ndipo mazira akuwombera kwa masiku pafupifupi 60.
Mtunda: Upezeka m'madzi onse otentha komanso otentha padziko lonse lapansi. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Green turtles.Mitundu ina imakhala yokhayokha kuti tsogolo silidziwika:
- Flatback (Natator depressus)
Dzina Lotchulidwa: Australia flatback - dzina lake chifukwa chipolopolo chake ndi chophweka.Dzina la sayansi: Natator depressus
Kufotokozera: Mutu uli ndi pepala limodzi lamakono oprontal (mamba patsogolo pa maso ake). Carapace ndi bony popanda mapiritsi ndipo ali ndi zikuluzikulu, zopanda malire, zokopa (mamba) zomwe zilipo zokhazokha zokha. Carapace ndi ovunda kapena kuzungulira ndipo thupi ndi lophwa. Mapulogalamu ali ndi claw 1. Mphepete mwa carapace imapindidwa ndi yokutidwa ndi zovuta, zosagwedezeka. Carapace ndi imvi ndi azisanu zofiirira / zachikasu pamphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mapiko otuwa oyera. Zokhumudwitsa za ana a mtunduwu zimapanga mtundu wapadera wa mdima wonyezimira, ndipo pakati pake pali mtundu wa azitona.
Kukula: Akuluakulu amatha kufika mamita masentimita 99 mu carapace.
Kunenepa: Akuluakulu amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 90.
Zakudya: Mwachiwonekere amadya nkhaka zamchere, nsomba zokhala ndi madzi, ma mollusks, prawns, bryozoans, ena osakanikirana ndi nyanja.
Habitati: Penyani m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'mphepete mwanyanja yamchere yam'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'madzi ozizira.
Kumeta: Kumadzinso maulendo 4 pa nyengo. Pangani nthawi mazira 50, koma izi ndizokulu ndithu. Mazira amatenga kwa masiku pafupifupi 55. Nkhono zikayamba kutuluka, zimakhala zazikulu kuposa mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo.
Chiwerengero: Chochepa. Amapezeka mumadzi ozungulira Australia ndi Papua New Guinea ku Pacific. "
Dziwani chifukwa cha Flatback Turtles.