South Africa ili ndi zodabwitsa zachilengedwe zodabwitsa, ndipo alendo omwe amabwera kumpoto kwa dzikolo, Sudwala Caves ndi ena mwa zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Wopangidwa kuchokera ku thanthwe la Precambrian zaka zoposa 240 zapitazo, dongosolo la mphanga likukhulupiriridwa kukhala limodzi lakale kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi. Ili ndi mtunda wa mphindi 30 kuchokera mumzinda wa Nelspruit, ndipo yadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa alendo otchuka kwambiri omwe amapita ku Mpumalanga Province.
Momwe Makhalira Anapangidwira
Madera a Sudwala ajambula kuchokera ku Malmani Dolomite Ridge, yomwe ndi mbali ya malo otchuka a Drakensberg . Mphepete mwayekha inayamba kumbuyo kwa mbiriyakale ya Dziko - nthawi ya Precambrian. Izi zimapangitsa miyala yomwe ili pafupi ndi mapanga pafupifupi zaka 3,000 miliyoni; ngakhale mapangawo adayamba kupanga zambiri pambuyo pake (pafupifupi 240 miliyoni zapitazo). Pofotokoza zimenezi, dongosolo la mphanga linayambira nthawi yomwe dziko lapansili linali ndi maiko awiri apamwamba kwambiri omwe amapanga Sudwala wamkulu kuposa Africa mwiniyo.
Mphanga dongosolo la Karst, lomwe limatipatsa chitsimikizo cha momwe adapangidwira. Kwa zaka mazana masauzande ambiri, madzi a mvula a carbon dioxide anasefukira pathanthwe la Malmani Dolomite Ridge, likuwonjezeka kwambiri. Pang'onopang'ono zinasungunuka calcium carbonate mu dolomite, kusonkhanitsa ziphuphu zachilengedwe ndi kuphulika ndi kukulitsa iwo pakapita nthawi.
Potsirizira pake, zofooka izi pathanthwe zinakhala mapanga ndi mapanga, zomwe potsiriza zimagwirizana ndi wina ndi mnzake kupanga dongosolo monga momwe tikudziwira lero. Poyamba, mapangawo anali odzaza ndi madzi, omwe anatsika kuchokera padenga kuti apange maumboni osangalatsa omwe amawatcha stalactites, stalagmites, zipilala ndi zipilala.
Mbiri ya Anthu
Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza zikusonyeza kuti madera a Sudwala adakhalapo ndi munthu wakale. Zipangizo za Stone Age zikuwonetsedwa pakhomo la mapanga kuyambira zaka 2.5 miliyoni zapitazo mpaka zaka zikwi zochepa BC.
Posachedwapa, mapangawa adapulumutsira mfumu ya Swazi yotchedwa Somquba. Somquba adakakamizika kuthawa Swaziland m'zaka za m'ma 1800, atayesa kuti adzalandire mpando wake kuchokera kwa mchemwali wake Mswati. Komabe, mfumu ya ukapolo inapitiliza kutsogolera anyamata ake kudutsa malire kuti apite nkhanza ndikuba ng'ombe; ndipo pamene adabwerera ku South Africa, chiwongoladzanja chochokera kuzinthu zimenezi chinasungidwa ku Sudwala. Somquba ndi asilikali ake adagwiritsanso ntchito mapangawo kukhala malo achitetezo, mwinamwake chifukwa cha madzi ambiri komanso kuti zinali zosavuta kuteteza.
Mapangawa amatchulidwa ndi mkulu wa akuluakulu a Somquba ndi kapitawo, Sudwala, yemwe nthawi zambiri ankakhala woyang'anira nyumbayi. Nthano ya m'deralo imanena kuti mdima wa Sudwala udakalipobe ndi mphanga lero. Iyi si nkhani yokha yozungulira mapanga. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya boer, zipolopolo zazikulu za golide za Transvaal Republic zinasweka pamene zimatumizidwa ku tawuni ku Mpumalanga kuti zisungidwe.
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti golide anali wobisika ku Sudwala Caves-ngakhale mayesero ambiri ofuna kupeza chuma sanathe.
The Caves Today
Mu 1965, mapangawa adagulidwa ndi Philippus Rudolf Owen wa ku Pretoria, amene adatsegulira anthu onse. Masiku ano, alendo angaphunzire za mbiri yawo yodalirika ndi yaumunthu paulendo wodutsa maola limodzi, zomwe zimakutengerani mamita 600 muphanga ndi mamita pafupifupi 150 pansi pa dziko lapansi. Zilondazi zimayang'anitsitsa bwino ndi nyali zamitundu yomwe imatsindika zochititsa chidwi ndi mapangidwe a mapanga. Maulendo akukonzekera nthawi zonse, ndi kuyembekezera kuyembekezera kwa mphindi khumi pofika.
Odziwika kwambiri angafune kulemba pa Crystal Tour, yomwe ikuchitika Loweruka loyamba la mwezi uliwonse. Zimakutengerani mamita 2,000 m'madzi akuya a phanga, kupita ku chipinda chomwe chimayambira ndi zikwi zikwi za aragonite.
Sizomwe zili ndi mtima wofooka, komabe. Njirayo imaphatikizapo kuthamanga kwambiri pamadzi m'chiuno-madzi akuya ndi matanthwe akuluakulu okwanira. Zaka ndi miyeso yolemera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ulendowu si oyenera kwa claustrophobics ndi iwo omwe ali ndi vuto la kumbuyo kapena mawondo. The Crystal Tour ayenera kutsekedwa masabata angapo pasadakhale.
Zinthu Zowona
Chofunika kwambiri pa ulendo wa Sudwala Caves ndi Amphitheatre, chipinda chodabwitsa chomwe chili pamtunda wa mamita 70 ndipo chimakwera mamita 37 kupita ku denga lokongola. Zina mwazinthu zodabwitsa zikuphatikizapo chipilala cha Samson, Monster Screaming ndi Rocket, yakale kwambiri yomwe yalembedwa kale pa zaka 200 miliyoni. Pamene mukuyendayenda mumapanga, yang'anani zotsalira zazitsamba zoyamba zodziwika monga Collenia. Zomangamangazo zimakhalanso kunyumba kwa anthu okwera 800 okwera pamahatchi.
Pamene mukudikira ulendo wanu kuti muyambe, onetsetsani kuti muyang'ane zogwirira ntchito zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pakhomo. Pambuyo pake, pitirizani ulendo wanu ndikupita ku malo osungirako nsomba a pa Intaneti, kapena ulendo wa Sudwala Dinosaur Park. Kukoka kotchuka kumeneku kuli mamita 100 kutalika ndipo kumakhala zinyama zapansi zakale zapansi ndi dinosaurs zomwe zimakhala mkati mwa munda wokongola wa otentha. Mukhozanso kuona anyani ndi mbalame zodabwitsa zomwe zimakhala momasuka mkatikati mwa paki, pomwe kuwonetsera kokona kwa Nile kumakondwerera zozizwitsa za makolo akale.
Mmene Mungayendere Madera a Sudwala
Madera a Sudwala ali pa msewu wa R539, womwe umagwirizanitsa mpaka ku N4 yaikulu kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Nelspruit (likulu la Mpumalanga Province). Ndi maola 3,5 oyendetsa galimoto kuchokera ku Kruger National Park, ndipo amapanga malo abwino kwa alendo oyenda mumsewu wopita ku Johannesburg. Mapanga amakhala otsegulidwa tsiku lililonse kuyambira 8:30 mpaka 4:30 pm. Miyeso ndi yotsatira:
R95 pa wamkulu
R80 pa pensioner
Mwana wa R50 (wosakwana 16)
Ufulu kwa ana osakwana 4
The Crystal Tour imagulidwa pa R450 pa munthu aliyense, ndipo imakhala ndi ndalama zokwana R200. Ngati mukufuna kutenga ulendo koma simungakhale m'deralo Loweruka loyamba la mwezi, ndizotheka kukonza ulendo wosiyana pa nthawi yomwe mumasankha magulu asanu kapena kuposerapo.
Pakati pa usiku, zosankha zoyendetsera malo ndi Sudwala Lodge ndi Pierre's Mountain Inn. Zakale zili ndi mphindi zisanu kuchokera pamapanga, ndipo zimapatsa malo osungirako zipinda zam'chipinda ndi malo odyera okhaokha omwe ali m'munda wokongola wodzaza ndi dziwe losambira. Wachiwiriyu amapereka zipinda zam'nyumba zowonjezera 3 ndi malo odyera pafupi ndi khomo la mapango.