Chotsatira Chachidule Chakulandidwa kwa Mphoto ya Nobel ku Ireland
William Butler Yeats, omwe amadziwika kuti WBYeats, ndi ndani? Kawirikawiri amaimiridwa ndi mafani a Keats (dzina la WB lamanambala limatchulidwa molondola "Yayts", osati "Yeets"), anabadwa pa June 13th, 1865, ndipo anafa pa January 28th, 1939.
Masiku ano, amakumbukiridwa monga "wolemba ndakatulo" wa Ireland (ngakhale kuti sanalembedwe m'chinenero chawo), ndipo ankaona kuti ndi imodzi mwa mabuku ofotokoza Chingelezi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.
Ndipo adalandila Nobel Prize mu Literature (m'chaka cha 1923, pambuyo pake a ku Ireland anali George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, ndi Seamus Heaney) - akulemekezedwa "chifukwa cha ndakatulo zake zonse zouziridwa, kufotokoza kwa mzimu wa mtundu wonse ".
M'malo mwake, ngakhale kuti ali ku Dublin ndipo akukhala kunja kwa dziko lapansi kwa nthawi yayitali, iye akugwirizana nthawi zonse ndi Sligo ... dera lomwe linapangitsa zambiri kulemba kwake.
Zakudya ndi Zolemba
Ngakhale anabadwira ndi ophunzira ku Dublin , William Butler Yeats adagwiritsa ntchito mbali zambiri za ubwana wake kutali ndi County Sligo . Kuyamikira ndi kuphunzira ndakatulo akadali wamng'ono, adakondanso chidwi ndi nthano zachi Irish komanso "zamatsenga" kuyambira ali aang'ono. Nkhani zina zadziko lapansi zikupezeka kwambiri mu gawo lake loyamba lojambula, potsiriza kumapeto kwa zaka zana. Yoyamba 'ndakatulo yoyamba ya ndakatulo inasindikizidwa mu 1889 - zolemba zolemba pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimasonyeza Elizabetani ndi zochitika zachikondi, monga Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, ndi Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.
Kuyambira cha m'ma 1900, ndakatulo Yowodya idapangidwa kuchokera ku zamoyo mpaka zozizwitsa, zenizeni. Posiya zikhulupiliro zambiri zapakati pazinthu zakale zapitazo, adayesetsabe chidwi chachikulu ndi "masks" komanso thupi lauzimu, ndi ziphunzitso za moyo.
Zinyama zinakhalanso chimodzi mwa (ngati sichoncho) chofunikira kwambiri pa Irish Literary Revival. Pakati pa anthu omwe anali ndi maganizo monga Lady Gregory ndi Edward Martyn adayambitsa mzinda wa Dublin wa Abbey Theatre, ngati malo a zisudzo ku Ireland (1904). Anathenso kukhala mkulu wa abbey kwa zaka zambiri. Maseŵero awiri oyambirira omwe anachitika ku Abbey (pamodzi ndi sewero la Lady Gregory mu "ndalama zitatu") anali Oats ' On Baile's Strand ndi Cathleen Ní Houlihan .
Kulankhula mwachidule, WByayi ndi mmodzi mwa olemba ochepa amene analemba ndi kulemba ntchito zawo zabwino atalandira mphoto ya Nobel, makamaka The Tower (1928) ndi Winding Stair ndi Other Poems (1929).
Zakudya - Moyo ndi Chikondi
William Butler Yeats anabadwira m'banja la Anglo-Irish Dublin. Bambo ake John Yeats anayamba kuwerenga malamulo, kusiya izi kuti aphunzire luso ku London. Amayi odyera Susan Mary Pollexfen anabwera kuchokera ku banja la amalonda la Sligo. Onse m'banjamo anasankha ntchito zamaluso - M'bale Jack monga wojambula, alongo Elizabeth ndi Susan Mary mu zojambula zamagetsi ndi zamisiri. Monga mamembala a (otsutsa) Achiprotestanti Ascendancy, banja la Yeats linali kulimbikitsabe kusintha kwa Ireland, ngakhale kuti chitsitsimutso cha dzikoli chinawasautsa.
Zolinga za ndale ndi zachuma zinakhudza kwambiri polemba ndakatulo za Yeats, kufufuza kwake kwa chidziwitso cha Ireland chosonyeza kusintha kwa nthawi ndi malingaliro. Ngakhale pamene iye analemba za "ife Achi Irish", mawu awa ogwirizanitsa nthawi zambiri mitsuko ndi mwanjira inayake yamtengo wapatali.
Kuwonjezera pa mawu ake awiri monga Irish Senator, ndi zovuta zake zogwirizana ndi Theosophy, Rosicrucianism, ndi Golden Dawn ... zomwe zili m'maganizo a anthu ambiri ndi Yeats 'convoluted, moyo wachikondi wokhudzidwa.
Mu 1889 anakumana ndi Maud Gonne, yemwe anali wachuma wolemera komanso wachinyamata wa Nationalist .. komanso wokongola ali mnyamata. Odya 'adagwa kwa iye mwa njira yayikulu, koma Maud Gonne adanena momveka bwino kuti woyanjana naye ayenera kukhala woyamba wa Nationalist. Mu 1891, adya adakwatirana, koma adzalangidwa - pambuyo pake analemba kuti "zowawa za moyo wanga zinayamba".
Zikuwoneka kuti sikutenga uthengawo, amadya kachiwiri kuti apange ukwati mu 1899, 1900 ndi 1901, kuti adzakanidwe kachiwiri, kachiwiri, komanso kachiwiri. Maud Gonne atamaliza kukwatira Major Mac Macride mu 1903, wolemba ndakatuloyu adawombera fuse. Anayesa kunyoza MacBride ngakhale makalata ndi ndakatulo, ndipo adathamangitsira za Maud Gonne kutembenukira ku Chikatolika.
Anadya ndiye adapeza mbali yake yomvetsetsa, ndipo anapita movutikira, pamene Maud Gonne adamuyendera kuti atonthozedwe ... pamene banja lake linathera pangozi, pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna (Sean MacBride). Ngakhale kuima kwa usiku umodzi pakati pa Yeats ndi Maud Gonne kunatha.
Pofika mu 1916, ndipo pa 51, Oats anali kufunafuna mwana. Anaganiza kuti ndi nthawi yabwino kuti akwatire, mwachibadwa ndikuperekanso kwa Maud Gonne (yemwe anali wamasiye wa Britain pomwe Pasitala akukwera ). Pamene adamuukanso kachiwiri, amadya kuntchito yake yovuta kwambiri B ... ndondomeko ya ukwati ku Iseult Gonne, mwana wamkazi wazaka 21 wa Maud. Izi zinakhalanso zopanda pake, kotero Yeats anamaliza kukhala wamkulu (koma pa 25 akadali osachepera theka la msinkhu wake) Georgie Hyde-Lees ... ndipo kudabwa kwa munthu aliyense sanangolandira, koma ukwatiwo ukuwoneka kuti wagwira ntchito bwino .
Zakudya ndi Ndale
Ngakhale mbiri yake ya banja, Oats anali Irish Nationalist - ndi chikhumbo cholimba cha "(chikhalidwe chachikulu)". Poyambirira anaonetsa mzimu wotsutsa (ngakhale kukhala membala wa magulu ankhondo), koma pasanapite nthawi anadzipatula ku ndale zandale. Kuyamba kwake kusayankhidwe kwa Isitara Kukwera, kungoitchula iyo mu ndakatulo mu 1920, inali ikuwuza.
Odya adasankhidwa kuti apange Seanad Eireann woyamba wa Irish Senate mu 1922 - kenako adasankhidwa kuti adzikonzekerere pa nthawi yachiwiri mu 1925. Zopereka zake zazikulu zinali pazitsutso za chisudzulo, pomwe adatsutsa onse a boma ndi atsogoleri achikatolika kuti abwerere " zaka zapakati pa Spain ". Osatenge nkhonya, adalengeza kuti "ukwati si ife sakramenti, koma, kwina, chikondi cha mwamuna ndi mkazi, komanso chilakolako chosiyana ndi thupi, ndi chopatulika. zolemba zamakono, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ndife chinthu chonyansa kwambiri kukakamiza anthu awiri omwe amadana kuti akhale pamodzi ". Ngakhale kuti phokosoli linali loopsa, kusudzulana kunalibe lamulo m'dziko la Ireland mpaka 1996. Ndipo mukhoza kuwerenga pakati pa mizere, ndikudziŵa kukhumudwa kwake ndi Maud Gonne ...
Potsata ndondomeko yadziko lonse pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Wall Street Crash, ndi Great Depress, Yeats anayamba kukayikira za boma la demokarasi ndipo ankayembekezera kubwezeretsedwa kwa Ulaya kudzera mu ulamuliro wotsutsa. Ubwenzi wake ndi Ezra Pound unamufikitsa ku ndale za Benito Mussolini, Oats akunena kuyamikira "Il Duce" kangapo. Pakhomo pakhomo, adalemba nyimbo zitatu zoyendayenda kwa Irish Blueshirts , gulu lamphamvu lomwe linatsogoleredwa ndi General Eoin O'Duffy.
Imfa, Kuikidwa m'manda, Kuwonongedwa
William Butler Yeats anamwalira ku Menton (France) pa January 28th, 1939. Malinga ndi zikhumbo zake anaikidwa m'manda pambuyo pochita maliro ku Roquebrune-Cap-Martin - "ngati ndikafera m'manda ndikupita kumanda pamene nyuzipepala yandiiwala ine, mundimbe ine ndikundipangira ku Sligo. " Chimene sichinagwire ntchito, pamene nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inayamba ndipo mafupa a Oats 'omwe anafa adakakhala ku France.
Koma mu September 1948 Yeats 'otsalira adasamukira ku Drumcliff (County Sligo) ku phwando la boma - Pulezidenti wa zakunja akuyang'anira ntchito, Sean MacBride, mwana wa Maud Gonne. Yeats 'epitaph yatengedwa kuchokera kumapeto a ndakatulo yake yotsiriza Under Ben Bulben :
Ikani Diso lozizira
Pa Moyo, pa Imfa.
Wokwera pahatchi, pita!
Komabe, pali vuto lina: Kudya kunali kale m'manda ku France, kenaka anakumbanso, mafupa ake anaikidwa mu bokosi, kenaka anabwezeretsanso ku Ireland. Zolemba zamakono ndi zomwe iwo ali pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1940, umboni wakuti mafupa onse, kapena ngakhale aliyense wa iwo, akupumula pansi pa Ben Bulben ali kwenikweni Yeats '... ndi woonda kwambiri pansi. Mwinamwake kulakwitsa kwakukulu?
Nthawi Yokondweretsa Kwambiri Nthawi Zonse
Izi ziyenera kupita ku kanema "Million Dollar Baby", kumene tikuwona Clint Eastwood kumasulira WBYats kuchokera ku Irish mpaka Chingerezi. Mwachiwonekere palibe wina anamuuza kuti Oops sanalankhule Chi Irish monga choncho, ndipo analemba mu Chingerezi ...
Wosafuna Amadya Nthawi Yonse
Wolemba ndakatulo kamodzi, ndipo ine ndikutanthauza kwenikweni kamodzi, ndinapita ku pub ... monga WBYeats adavomereza kuti iye anali asanakhalepo pa pub, Oliver St. John Gogarty anakokera mnzake mu Toner's, imodzi ya mabuku olemba mabuku a Dublin , akadali otseguka Street ya Baggot lero. Kumene WB anali ndi sherry, adadziwika yekha wosakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zonse, ndipo anachoka kachiwiri. akunena kuti musayambe kuimitsa pakhomo pakhomo. Ndi mtolo wa chimwemwe!