Mkhosa wa Heishi ndi Wofunika komanso Wosungidwa
Tanthauzo lenileni la liwu lakuti heishi (hee shee) ndilo "chigoba chachigoba." Chimachokera ku chinenero cha Keres, chomwe chinalankhulidwa ndi Amwenye Achimereka omwe amakhala ku Kewa, (Santa Domingo Pueblo). Iwo amavomerezedwa kuti ndi ambuye a mawonekedwe okongola awa, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chawo cha anthu. Pakalipano, pali ojambula ochepa omwe amapanga San Felipe ndipo mwina pueblos ena. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizo zokha zokhazokha za ku India zomwe zimachokera ku mbiri yakale ya ku Amerika ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha ku America chifukwa chida chachitsulo ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito Navajo , Zuni , ndi Hopi zimachokera ku Ulaya kwa oyang'anira oyambirira a ku Spain.
Pogwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, dzinalo limangotanthauza zidutswa za chipolopolo zomwe zagwedezeka ndipo zimakhala pansi mu mikanda yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikhale yopanga imodzi kapena yambiri. Komabe, pamagwiritsidwe ntchito, mawu akuti heishi amatanthauzanso makola omwe mapepala ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa ndi zipangizo zina zachilengedwe ndi zofanana.
Chiyambi cha heishi chiri chodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi akale akale a anthu a Kewa Pueblo (omwe kale anali Santo Domingo Pueblo), anthu omwe ali ndi luso kwambiri. Komabe, mbiri yakale, anthu oyamba kupanga zigoba za golide ndizo za chikhalidwe cha Hohokam omwe anakhalapo zaka zikwi khumi zapitazo ku Tucson, Arizona . Iwo ankagulitsa ndi kusakaniza ndi Anasazi , "anthu okhala m'matanthwe," omwe mamembala awo amakhulupirira kuti ndi makolo a lero omwe amakhala Pueblo.
Kuwonekera kwa heishi monga mawonekedwe ojambula poyamba kunalembedwa mu 6000 BC
Popeza izo zisanayambe kukhazikitsa zitsulo, ndizotheka kunena kuti izi ziyenera kukhala zodzikongoletsera zakale kwambiri ku New Mexico, ndipo mwina ku North America komanso.
Kodi Amisiri Angatani Kuti Achite Ntchito Yovuta Kwambiri?
Pamene munthu ayesa chingwe cha heishi, choyamba choyamba ndi, "Kodi padziko lapansi pakhoza bwanji katswiri wamisiri?" Kapena, "Kuti akhale wopanda cholakwika, ziyenera kuti zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina!" Chowonadi ndi chakuti ngati zikuwoneka kuti zangwiro, mosakayikira zinapangidwa ndi manja a katswiri wodziwa bwino kwambiri, woleza mtima kwambiri.
Kudziwa njira zomwe adazigwiritsa ntchito popanga heishi yabwino zingathandize wogula kuti adziwe kusiyana pakati pa zokongoletsera zokongoletsera zopangidwa ndi manja ndi zotsanzira. Timagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "mwina," chifukwa ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti miyendo ina yomwe imatulutsidwa nthawi zambiri imapangidwanso bwino.
Kusankha Zipangizo Zamakono
Choyamba, zipangizo ziyenera kusankhidwa mosamala. Ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipolopolo za m'nyanja. Zaka zambiri zapitazo, zipolopolo zomwe Amwenye a Pueblo ankagwiritsa ntchito popanga maulendowa, kudzera ku Gulf of California, mpaka ku South America. Maolivi amdima kapena maolivi a Olivella anali zipangizo zoyambirira, koma tsopano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: zigoba za azitona, mafuta a peyala, chipolopolo cha mavwende, chigoba chofewa, cholembera, chikopa chofiira, ndipo nthawi zina, oyster wofiira, lalanje kapena wachikasu.
Ngati bwino kumangidwa ndi zinthu zovuta kwambiri, heishi ayenera kukhala zaka zikwi zambiri. Kuwoneka kwatsopano kwambili kumapezeka pogwiritsira ntchito coral kapena miyala monga lapis, turquoise, ndege (lignite), pipestone, sugilite ndi serpenti kuti apange maonekedwe abwino a heishi.
Inde, New Mexico si dziko la m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Kewa akhala akugulitsa kuyambira pachiyambi cha mbiri yakale, ndipo adapita maulendo kupita kumalo kumene mafuko ena anali ndi zipolopolo ndi katundu kuti asinthe.
Imeneyi inali njira yayitali yopita kukapanga mkanda! Masiku ano amagula zipolopolo zawo (ndi miyala, nayonso) kuchokera ku makina okongoletsera ndi makampani, kapena kwa amalonda omwe amayendera nthawi zonse. Ngakhale zipangizo zikuwoneka ngati zochepa, iwo akadali okwera mtengo. Wojambula panopa ayenera kulipira kulikonse kwa $ 8 - $ 10 pa pounds kwa zipolopolo za azitona kwa mazana a madola kuti apite kalasi yapamwamba.
Kupanga Miyendo
Kupangidwa kwa mikanda ing'onozing'ono kungakhale njira yoopsya, mwinamwake yowonjezeredwa ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa zipangizo zamakono zamakono. Mabwalo ang'onoang'ono okhwima amapangidwa mwa kupukuta zidutswa za mzerewo ndi chida cha dzanja monga woponya.
Pogwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuti tigwire mabwalo ang'onoting'ono komanso kaya dremel kapena carbide bur, dongo laling'ono limafalikira pakati pa malo onse. Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi pa waya wa piyano, ndipo njira yovuta yosinthira mitundu iyi yopanda malire imayambira.
Mndandanda wa mikwingwirima yovuta imapangidwira ndi kusuntha chingwe mobwerezabwereza pa mwala wotembenuka kapena magetsi a magetsi a carbide akupera. Pamene akuyendetsa chingwe chozungulira pa gudumu, wojambulayo amatha kuyendetsa bwalo lamtunduwu ndi lopanda mapafupi popanda kanthu koma kuyenda kwake! Pokhapokha mutachita bwino, izi zingayambitse mabowo kuti akule. Panthawiyi, mikanda yambiri (chipolopolo kapena mwala) idzawonongeka, chifukwa imatha kapena imatuluka ndikugwedezeka pamene galasi imagwira zolaula kapena burr. Pamene zipangizo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, zingakhale zofunikira kuti muzipange ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito molingana ndi kuuma kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, pipestone djet (lignite) ndi yofewa ndipo yayamba pansi mofulumira kuposa zipangizo zolimba monga turquoise , shell kapena lapis.
Zida zina ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zina. Mwachitsanzo, pamene zachilengedwe zimakhala zovuta, pafupifupi 60-79% amatayika. Izi zikhoza kuchepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono mwa kuyika mawonekedwe oyambirira mu mzere wozungulira musanayambe kugaya. Ndicho chifukwa chake chilengedwe chokongola, maonekedwe ake a heishi ndi osowa mtengo kwambiri. Kulimbitsa khola, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala yosankhidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani.
Kusinthanitsa ndi Kumaliza Zisamba Zangwiro
Panthawiyi, chingwe cha zingwe, nthawi zina zimapangidwa kukula. Ndi wokonzeka kupangika ndi kuyendetsa gudumu lamagetsi, pogwiritsa ntchito pepala la mchenga wochuluka kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, mikanda imatsukidwa ndi madzi omveka komanso mpweya wouma, kenako amapatsidwa mapulitsi apamwamba ndi "Zam" (sera ya malonda), pa lamba wachikopa. Iwo ali okonzeka kukhala osungunuka, kaya ali okha, mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo, kapena pamodzi ndi mikanda ina, mu golide wabwino. Ntchito yovuta imeneyi siinaphunzitsidwe ku sukulu, ndipo ikhoza kuphunziridwa mu Pueblo kuchokera kwa akatswiri a m'banja.
Chifukwa chake Heishi Wowona Ndiwotheka Kwambiri
Heishi yeniyeni yopangidwa ndi manja ndi mankhwala opangira ntchito omwe ali ndi mtengo wapatali komanso mtengo wovomerezeka. Anthu omwe amakondadi luso limeneli amakhulupirira kuti kuyamikira kukongola kwake ndi zosowa zake zimayenera kupezeka. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikofunika kumvetsetsa njira yopweteka. Kungogwiritsira ntchito heishi ndiko kulemekeza kuphweka kwake, mphamvu zake zowonongeka, ndikumva kuti zimagwirizana ndi miyambo yosasinthika ya anthu omwe adapanga. Ngati mwaponyera chingwe mmanja mwanu muyenera kumverera ngati chidutswa chimodzi, chosalala, chofanana ndi njoka. Kumverera kumakhala kovuta.
Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti heishi kapena maonekedwe a heishi amapangidwa kuchokera ku mikanda yomwe yasankhidwa mosamala kuti achotse zidutswa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga manja. Izi sizowona pazitsulo zopanda pake, kumene zinyalala ziyenera kupeĊµedwa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mankhwalawa adzakhala ndi mabowo omwe ali aakulu kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zowawa komanso zimawoneka zosagwirizana. Kulumikizidwa kosakwanira kudzachititsanso kuti izi zichitike.
Mpikisano Wachilendo ndi Zofunikira Zogulira Amwenye Achimereka
Osati onse a heishi amapangidwa ku mtsinje wa Pueblos. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, mankhwala opangidwa ndi misala anayamba kuonekera ku Albuquerque, NM, ndi kwina kulikonse chifukwa chofuna kuwonjezeka. Iyo imapitiliza kutumizidwa kuchokera ku mayiko a Pacific Rim, ndipo mwatsoka, imagulitsidwa onse ndi Achimereka Achimereka (kuphatikizapo ena ku Kewa Pueblo) ndi omwe si Amwenye. Ngakhale pakhoza kukhala zinthu zina zosiyana (mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a ku Philippines nthawi zambiri amakhala owala komanso amakhala ndi mawanga oyera kwambiri), nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti diso losaphunzitsidwa likhale lovuta kusiyanitsa mkanda wonyenga kuchokera ku chinthu chenicheni. Ndipo ngati mikwingwirimayi ikuphatikizidwa ndi fetiti zotumizidwa kunja kapena zokongoletsera zina, mkhosi umatha kudziwika ngati "manja opangidwa." Inde, si nkhani yeniyeni. A heishi necklace ndi chuma chimene chimabweretsa moyo wachisangalalo ndi kunyada kwa mwiniwake.
Chitsimikizo chabwino chomwe wogula ali nacho chopeza chidutswa choyenera ndicho kugula kuchokera kwa wogulitsa wodalirika, wodziwa zambiri, ndikupempha kuti alembereni polemba zojambulajambula, kugwirizana kwa mafuko, ndi zipangizo zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito.
Information ndi nkhani yoperekedwa ndi Association Indian Arts & Crafts. Yosindikizidwa ndi chilolezo.