Musanayambe Kukuchezerani, Dziwani Zotsatira Zatsopano
Stonehenge imayima pa Salisbury Plain, yaikulu, yodalirika komanso yodabwitsa. Anthu akhala akuyesera kufotokoza tanthauzo ndi mbiri ya UK - ndipo mwinamwake dziko lapansi - miyala yodabwitsa kwambiri ndi yofunikira kwa zaka 800.
Tsopano, kafukufuku akupereka mfundo zatsopano za Stonehenge; chiyambi chake ndi zolinga zake. Zatsopano zatsopano zingasinthe momwe mumaganizira za malo amatsenga.
Ndipo, pambuyo pa kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa mlendoyo mzaka zingapo zapitazo, nkhani - ndi zinsinsi - za Stonehenge zikuwonekera bwino kuposa kale lonse.
Zimene Muyenera Kuyembekezera Mukamapita
Chinthu choyamba chomwe mungazindikire pa malo ochezera alendo a Stonehenge ndi momwe mukuzionera pang'ono. Nyumbayi, yokonza makina a Denton Corker Marshal, imangotsala pang'ono kutha. Denga lake lozungulira limagwirizana ndi mapiri ndipo limawoneka ngati likuyandama m'nkhalango ya mitengo ikuluikulu - mitengo yonyansa yomwe imawathandiza.
Pafupi ndi likululi, sitima yamagetsi yamtendere imakuperekani miyala yakale mtunda ndi hafu kutali. Ngati mutasankha kuyenda, mudzakhala ndi mwayi wabwino kuti mudziwe momwe chikumbumtimacho chikugwirizanirana ndi malo ake akale, mwambo. M'mbuyomu, alendo omwe anapita ku Stonehenge sanapezepo mwayi wozindikira mitu yonse yomwe inkalalikidwa pamtunda. Koma, atakwera kudutsa mlengalenga, pansi pa thambo lalikulu la Salisbury Plain , ndi njira yeniyeni yokonzera.
Pambuyo pake, tenga nthawi yofufuzira mlendo wokhazikika. M'kati mwawo, nyumba ziwiri zamatabwa zimakhala ndi kanyumba ndi shopu komanso nyumba yaing'ono yokongola ndi yosungirako zinthu. Chiwonetserocho chimayika nyama yeniyeni pamapfupa a ulendo wa ku Stonehenge, kufufuza zonena zamakedzana komanso zochitika zatsopano za ofufuza ogwira ntchito pa webusaitiyi.
Zina mwazimenezi:
- Zida zenizeni zomwe omanga Stonehenge anazigwiritsa ntchito - pakati pawo zida zofiira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba dzenje ndi kumanga mabanki omwe anali malo oyambirira pa webusaitiyi.
- Chida cha zida za Neolithic kuphatikizapo mwala wamtengo wapatali wa miyala, dawuni ndi "wopanga zovala" zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa khungu ndi kupanga moto. Mayi ndi owona amawoneka ngati zipangizo zamakono.
- Anamanganso mutu wa munthu wa Neolithic oyambirira, wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala zochokera ku mafupa a munthu wofukula pafupi ndi zaka za m'ma 1800.
- Nkhwangwa ya mkuwa wofanana ndi nsonga zojambula pa miyalayi, zaka 700 kuchokera pamene Stonehenge anamangidwa.
- Mapu a Britain panthawi imene Stonehenge anali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, kusonyeza malo ambiri, malo ofanana, miyala ndi miyala yomwe imamangidwa padziko lonse panthaŵi yomweyo. Izi zikuwonetsa gulu lopangidwa bwino lomwe linagawana miyambo, zipilala ndi miyambo ndipo imafalikira kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumpoto kwa English Channel.
- Kunja, mudzi wa Neolithic womwe umangidwenso (womwe umapezeka pafupipafupi) umene umapatsa alendo chidwi cha momwe omanga Stonehenge ankakhalira.
Ndipo Akudziwa Bwanji Izi?
Ndilo gawo labwino kwambiri la nkhani yomwe imabwereranso ku lingaliro loyambirira pa chikumbutso chodabwitsa.
Malinga ndi English Heritage amene, pamodzi ndi National Trust, amayendetsa malowa pamtunda wa makilomita 90 kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa London, malemba oyambirira apezeka m'zaka za zana la 12 la Henry wa Huntingdon, wachipembedzo cha Lincoln amene analemba mbiri ya England.
Anatcha malowa Stanenges ndipo analemba za miyala "yodabwitsa kwambiri ... yakhazikitsidwa pakhomo pakhomo, kotero kuti pakhomolo likuwonekera pamwamba pakhomo; ndipo palibe amene angaganize kuti miyala ikuluikulu yotereyi yakhala ikuwongolera, kapena chifukwa chake anamangidwa kumeneko. "
Mafunso ake -Kodi Stonehenge anamanga bwanji, chifukwa chake adasankhidwa ndi ndani - adadodometsa mibadwo ya olemba, ofufuza ndi alendo. Tsopano, zaka zoyambirira zazaka za zana la 21, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akuyamba kubwera ndi mayankho ena atsopano - komanso mafunso ambiri atsopano.
Mafunso monga:
Kodi Stonehenge Anamangidwa Bwanji Ndiponso Ndani?
Chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu za Stonehenge ndi kulengedwa kwake kwenikweni. Zina mwa miyala yake yolemera kwambiri imachokera kutali mamita akutali ku Preseli Hills ku Wales.
Kodi amanyamula bwanji anthu osagwiritsa ntchito gudumu? Ndipo kutcha chipilalacho ndi "mzere wambiri wamakono wovomerezeka wokongoletsera mapulani padziko lonse lapansi," English Heritage inati ngakhale kuti miyala ina yokhala ndi miyala ya Neolithic imakhala milu ya miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi miyala, Stonehenge amapangidwa ndi miyala yovekedwa, yokhala pamodzi ndi tenon ziwalo.
Pamene miyala yonse yamkati ya bwalo linali kunja, idapanga bwalo lozungulira, ngakhale kuti chiboliboli chimaima pamtunda.
Olemba oyambirira adalimbikitsa chikumbumtimacho chinamangidwa ndi Aroma, Ena adayika mu mtima wa nthano za Arthurian ndipo adanena kuti Merlin anali ndi dzanja pomanga. Pali nkhani za Merlin zomwe zikuuluka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku Wales ndikuziika pamwamba pa chipilalacho. Ndipo ndithudi, pali nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kwa alendo.
Zolondola zamakono zili zochititsa chidwi ngakhale kuti zili pansi pano. Kwa zaka pafupi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, mu Stonehenge Riverside Project, magulu a archaeologists ochokera ku mayunivesite a Sheffield, Manchester, Southampton ndi Bournemouth, pamodzi ndi University College London, akhala akuphunzira chikumbutso ndi malo ozungulira. Amanena kuti amamangidwa ngati polojekiti pakati pa mafuko a kummawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Britons omwe, pakati pa 3,000 BC ndi 2,500 BC, adagawana chikhalidwe chofanana.
Pulofesa Mike Archaeology Pearson wa University College, London wolemba Stonehenge, New Understanding: Kuthetsa Zinsinsi za Greatest Stone Age Chikumbutso chimati:
"... panali chikhalidwe chokwanira cha chilumba - mitundu yofanana ya nyumba, mchere ndi zina zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku Orkney ku gombe lakumwera ... Stonehenge iwowo anali ntchito yaikulu, yofuna ntchito ya zikwi ... kugwira ntchito yokha, kufuna kuti aliyense azitha kukoka palimodzi, chikanakhala chinthu chogwirizana. "
Ndipo malo omwe anafufuzidwa pafupifupi makilomita awiri kum'mwera chakum'maŵa kwa chinyumba, Durrington Walls, amachirikiza chiphunzitsochi ndi umboni wa nyumba zoposa 1,000 ndi anthu 4,000 ochokera ku Britain onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito - panthawi yomwe anthu onse a m'dzikoli anali pafupi 10,000.
Mzinda wa omanga ndiwo mwinamwake mudzi waukulu kwambiri wa Neolithic ku Ulaya. Wopambana kugwira ntchito mwakhama kwambiri analipo. Mwalawo unasunthidwa kuchoka ku Wales, kudutsa pamadzi ndi ngalawa, osati ndi masewera amdima kapena sayansi yachinsinsi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa bungwe kofunikira nthawi yoyambirira, ndiko kodabwitsa.
Ndipo ilo ndi lingaliro limodzi lokha. Chinthu china ndi chakuti miyala ya ku Welsh inanyamulidwa ndi ma glaciers a Ice Age ndipo anapezeka mwachilengedwe chigwa pamene omanga a Stonehenge adayenda padziko lapansi.
Stonehenge ali ndi zaka zingati?
Nzeru yodziwika kuti mwambo umenewu uli pafupi zaka 5,000 ndipo unamangidwa m'magulu angapo pazaka 500. Ndipotu, nyumba yaikulu ya Stonehenge, yomwe ikuwoneka lero, ikhoza kumangidwa mkati mwake.
Koma kugwiritsa ntchito malo a Stonehenge kukhala ofunikira, ndipo mwinamwake mwambo wamakhalidwe umabwerera mobwerezabwereza - mwina kale monga zaka 8,000 mpaka 10,000. Zakafukufuku kuzungulira malo osungirako malowa m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndipo kachiwiri m'ma 1980 anapeza maenje omwe ankagwiritsira ntchito mitengo yamaluwa pakati pa 8500BC ndi 7000BC.
Sizodziwika ngati izi zikugwirizana ndi Stonehenge koma zomwe zikuwonekera bwino ndikuti malo a Salisbury Plain anali ofunika kwa oyambirira a Britain kwazaka zikwi zambiri.
Nchifukwa chiyani Sitima ya Salisbury?
Sully Season Theorists akusonyeza kuti chigwacho ndi malo abwino kwambiri okwera malo okwera ndege ndi kuti mizere ndi grooves zikuwonekera kuchokera mlengalenga komanso kupyolera mu zamoyo zapamwamba ndi zolemetsa.
Zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kuti malo adzisankha okha. Kale la Britain linali ndi nkhalango. Malo otseguka aakulu, maekala masauzande ambirimbiri a kachaku, omwe sankakhala opanda pake, sakanakhala ochepa komanso apadera. Ngakhale lero, kuyendayenda kudutsa la Salisbury mudima wa usiku, malo ake osadziwika a padziko lapansi omwe amatsutsana ndi nyenyezi zakuthambo, zingakhale zachilendo, zosayembekezereka.
Ndipo mizere, yomwe imadziwika kuti mikwingwirima ya periglacial yomwe imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zochitika za chilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe zakuthambo. Anthu akulima omwe adakhazikika m'deralo komanso omwe adawona zozizwitsa za nyengo, adawona kusintha kwa nyengo ndikusankha malo ndi malo a Stonehenge chifukwa cha iwo.
Icho chinali chigamulo chomwe chinagwiridwa ndi gulu la a Prof. Pearson. Iye anati, "Pamene tinapunthwa njira zopambana zachilengedwe za njira ya dzuwa zomwe zikudziwika m'dzikolo, tinazindikira kuti anthu akale a mbiri yakale adasankha malowa kuti amange Stonehenge chifukwa cha chidziwitso chake choyambirira ... Mwina amawona malo awa ngati pakati pa dziko lapansi. "
Stonehenge Anagwiritsira Ntchito Chiyani?
Sankhani: Kupembedza kwa Druid, kuikidwa mmanda, zikondwerero, nsembe zamtundu, zikondwerero, zikondwerero zamtundu, malo ochiritsira, kalendala yaulimi, dziko lapansi lotetezera, chizindikiro kwa milungu, chiwonongeko cha alendo. Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe Stonehenge anagwiritsira ntchito. Ndipo kwa zaka zambiri, zofukula zapakafukufuku zapeza umboni wa zochuluka za izi (kupatula alendo - mpaka pano). Kupezeka kwa osachepera okwana 150 m'deralo ndi chitsanzo chotsatira.
Chowonadi chiri, malo omwe Stonehenge ali nawo mbali anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu osiyanasiyana kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Zikuoneka kuti zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana pazaka zikwizikwi. Ife sitingamvetse kwathunthu malo awa osamvetsetseka, koma archaeologists ndi olemba mbiri akuyandikira nthawi zonse.
Pamene Muyenera Kupita
Chaka chilichonse, Wiccans, Neo Akunja, New Agers ndi alendo odziwa chidwi amayenda ku Stonehenge kwa nyengo yozizira . Ndi nthawi yokha yomwe alendo amaloledwa kumanga kuzungulira malowa ndikukhala usiku wonse akudikira mmawa.
Koma zofukulidwa pa Durrington Walls zimasonyeza kuti pakatikati, sizinali zofunikira kwambiri komanso nthawi ya miyambo ndi phwando. Zambiri mwa zipilala zina m'dera la Stonehenge zimagwirizana mpaka madzulo kutuluka dzuwa litalowa. Mfundo imeneyi imapangitsa kuti muzichita chidwi kwambiri mukamaganizira zikondwerero za moto komanso madyerero a midzi yonse ku Northern Europe.
Mukhoza kupita ku Stonehenge nthawi iliyonse pachaka ndipo nyengo iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake. Pitani m'nyengo yozizira ndipo simukuyenera kudzuka m'mawa kwambiri kuti muwone kutuluka kwa dzuwa, nthawizonse kumakhala kochititsa chidwi kumsonkhano. Mu December, dzuŵa limatuluka apo pafupi 8 koloko Chikumbutso sichimatseguka ndiye koma mukhoza kuchiwona patali pang'ono ndi A303. Malowa akhoza kukhala ochepa kwambiri. Mbali ya pansiyi ndi yakuti Salisbury Plain ndi yozizira, ikuwombera mphepo ndipo, m'zaka zaposachedwa, ikuphimba chipale chofewa kapena madzi kuti mwayi wopita kumalo ena, malo ochezerawo ndi ochepa.
Mukapita ku chilimwe, mutha kukangana ndi magulu a anthu ena, ndipo ngati mukufuna kuona kutuluka kwa dzuwa, ndibwino kuti mukhale oyambirira. M'mwezi wa June, dzuwa limakhala lisanatuluke pa 5 koloko Mphindi, mukhoza kuyenda bwino kuchokera ku mlendo wapakati kufika pa sitelo popanda kuzizira. Ndipo ndi maola ochuluka kwambiri a masana, muli ndi nthawi yochuluka yofufuza malo oyambirira a mbiri yakale ndi mzinda wa Salisbury.
Ziri pafupi
Stonehenge, mzere wopangidwa ndi miyala yokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi imodzi yokha yomwe ili pakatikati pa malo ochititsa chidwi kwambiri omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zachinsinsi. Malo a Stonehenge, Avebury ndi Associated Sites UNESCO World Heritage malo, akuphatikizapo:
- Henge yaikulu ku Avebury yomwe ili ndi mwala waukulu padziko lonse lapansi
- Silbury Hill - phiri lopangidwa mochititsa chidwi, lopangidwa ndi anthu, lalikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya, lalitali mamita 100 ndi zaka 4,400. Palibe amene adatha kudziwa yemwe anamanga ndi chifukwa chake. Yesani National Trust Silbury Hill Walk.
- West Kennet Long Barrow, imodzi mwa manda aakulu kwambiri a Neolithic barrow ku Britain.
Komanso pafupi: Mzinda wawung'ono wa Salisbury ndi tchalitchi chake chachikulu, nyumba ya Magna Carta ndi Medieval Clock yomwe ili yoyambirira kwambiri.
Zofunikira Zowona
- Kuloledwa kuli ndi tikiti yosachepera nthawi ndi kukonzedweratu kusanakhale kotchulidwa. Kuti mutsegule nthawi, mitengo yamakono komanso kuti mupeze makasitomala, onaninso tsamba lopangira tiyi ya Stonehenge.
- Malo a Stonehenge - Fufuzani maulendo apadera pa webusaiti ya National Trust.
- Kufika kumeneko:
- Pa sitimayi kuchokera ku London Waterloo kupita ku Salisbury Station ( fufuzani National Rail Inquiries ) ndiye The Stonehenge Tour Bus, mabasi odzipereka odzipereka kuchokera pa sitimayi.
- Paulendo kapena pamsewu - Wiltshire County Council ikufalitsa mauthenga kwa Stonehenge pamapazi ndi pamsewu komanso mabasi am'deralo. Mukhozanso kupeza Stonehenge pa webusaiti ya Sustrans ya National Cycle Network.
- Mwagalimoto - Stonehenge ili pamtunda wa A360, womwe unachokera ku London pa M3 ndi A303 (ikani SatNavs for ZIP SP4 7DE). Ndi pafupi makilomita 88 ndipo amatenga pansi pa maola awiri muzikhalidwe zabwino zamtunda. Pali malo osungira malo omwe alibe chifukwa cha tikiti ya Stonehenge.