Tsiku lililonse, ndege zoposa 100,000 zomwe zimakonzedwa nthawi zonse zimachoka m'mabwalo a ndege ndi kupita kumalo osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Zambiri mwazi ndi ndege zamalonda, zonyamulira anthu zikwi tsiku lililonse kapena kuchokera kumudzi kwawo kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Ambiri mwa anthu oyendetsa galimotoyo saganizira za teknoloji yomwe ikupita ku zodabwitsa za kuthawa, kapena zikwi za anthu padziko lonse lapansi omwe sadali ndi mwayi.
Ngakhale kuyendetsa ndege ndi imodzi mwa njira zotetezeka kwambiri masiku ano, njira yopititsira sizinali zodalirika kwambiri pa zonse. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha anthu okwera ndege, anthu opitirira 50,000 ataya miyoyo yawo pa ngozi za ndege zomwe sangathe kuzilamulira. Komabe, kuchokera ku zopereka zawo, zamakono zamakono zamakono zakula ndikukhala njira imodzi yabwino kwambiri komanso yabwino kwambiri yobweretsera padziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi zochitika zazikulu za ndege zakhudza motani chiwerengero cha othawa pazaka zapitazi? Nazi zitsanzo zisanu za momwe ngozi zowonongeka kwa ndege zimapangitsa kuti ndege zisawonongeke kwa oyenda masiku ano padziko lonse lapansi.
1956: Grand Canyon Mid-Air Collision
M'mbiri yakale ya zamalonda zamakampani a zamalonda ku America, Grand Canyon pakati pa mphepo yamkuntho inali yoopsa kwambiri paulendo waulendo wa zamalonda pa nthawiyo. Chifukwa cha zomwe zinachitika pa mbiri ya ndege ya ku America, malo owonongekawa adasankhidwa monga US National Historic Landmark mu 2014 ndipo ndilo chokhacho chodziwika chochitika chomwe chinachitika mlengalenga.
Chimene chinachitika: Pa June 30, 1956, TWA Flight 2, Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, inagwirizana ndi United Airlines Flight 718, Douglas DC-7 Mainliner. Ndege zonse zitachoka ku Los Angeles International Airport zikupita kummawa, njira zawo zinadutsa ku Grand Canyon ku Arizona. Popanda kulankhulana ndi oyendetsa ndege pamsewu ndi kuwuluka mu ndege yosayendetsa ndege, ndege ziwirizo sizinkadziwe kumene zinachokera, ndipo sizinadziwe kuti zimangokhala pambali pamlengalenga.
Zotsatira zake, ndege zonse zinatha kuthawa mofulumira ndi kumtunda komweko, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mphepo iwonongeke. Miyoyo yonse yokwana 128 yokwera ndegeyi inaphedwa chifukwa cha ngoziyi ndipo izi zinapangitsa kuti zifike ku Grand Canyon.
Chimene chinasintha: Chigamulochi chinayambitsa vuto lalikulu ndi America pakupanga zowonongeka pa nthawiyi: palibe njira yodziwika yowonetsera ndege panthawiyo. Kulamulira kwa ndege kunagawanika pakati pa magulu ankhondo a ku US, omwe nthawi zonse ankayendera, ndi ndege zina zonse, motsogoleredwa ndi Civil Aeronautics Board. Chifukwa chake, panali zochitika zosawerengeka zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa ndege zamalonda, kapena ndege zamalonda zomwe zikuchitika pafupi ndi ngozi ndi ndege.
Patangotha zaka ziwiri chiwonongeko cha Grand Canyon, Congress inadutsa Federal Aviation Act ya 1958. Ntchitoyi inabweretsa Federal Aviation Agency (kenako Federal Aviation Administration), yomwe inayendetsa ndege zonse za American pansi pa umodzi, umodzi wogwirizana. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa teknoloji, kugwedezeka pakati pa mpweya ndi zochitika zosayembekezereka zinachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu onse apulumuke.
1977: Tenerife Airport Disaster
Mbiri yowonongeka kwa ndege zowonongeka pa ndegeyi sizinachitike pa ndege yaikulu kapena ngati chigawenga mwachangu koma m'malo mwake inagwirizanitsa ndege yaing'ono ku Canary Islands ku Spain chifukwa cha kusamvana pakati pa oyendetsa ndege awiri.
Pa March 27, 1977, Tenerife Airport Disaster inapha miyoyo ya anthu 583, pamene ndege ziwiri za Boeing 747 zinagwirizana pa msewu wa Los Rodeos Airport (womwe tsopano umadziwika kuti Tenerife-North Airport)
Chimene chinachitika: Chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa bomba ku Gran Canaria Airport, ndege zingapo zomwe zinkapita ku bwalo la ndege zinasunthira kupita kumalo osiyanasiyana okwera ndege, kuphatikizapo Los Rodeos Airport ku Tenerife. KLM Flight 4805 ndi Pan Am Flight 1736 anali ndege ziwiri za Boeing 747 zopatutsidwa ku ndege yaing'ono chifukwa cha Gran Canaria Airport Closed.
Bwalo la ndegelo litatsegulidwanso, onse 747 adafunikanso kukhazikika kuti apite ku eyapoti. Ndege ya KLM inauzidwa kuti ipite kumapeto kwa msewu ndi kutembenuza madigiri 180 kuti akonzekere, pamene ndege ya Pan Am inauzidwa kuchotsa msewu pamsewu.
Mphamvu yamkuntho sizinatheke kuti ndege ziwirizo zisamayanjane, koma ndi Pan Am 747 kuti adziwe njira yoyendetsera sitima. Kusamvana pakati pa oyendetsa ndegewa kunachititsa kuti ndege ya KLM iyambire zolinga zawo zomwe Pani Am 747 zisanachitike, zomwe zinayambitsa kugunda kwakukulu komwe kunapha anthu 583. Pa Pan Am ndege, anthu 61 anapulumuka kuwonongeka.
Chimene chinasintha: Chifukwa cha ngoziyi, njira zambiri zopezera chitetezo zinali pafupi mwamsanga kuti zithetsedwe kuti zisawonongeke zoopsa za kukula uku kuti zisadzachitike kachiwiri. Anthu amtundu wapadziko lonse amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito Chingerezi ngati chinenero chofala cha kugwirizanitsa kayendetsedwe ka magalimoto a ndege, ndi mndandanda wa ziganizo zofanana zomwe zikufotokozera zonse zomwe zili pakati pa ndege. Pambuyo pa chochitika cha Tenerife, mawu akuti "kuchoka" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati ndege yatsimikiziranso ikuchotsedwa kuchoka ku eyapoti. Kuonjezera apo, magulu atsopano oyendetsa galimoto amaperekedwa kwa oyendetsa ndege, omwe amatsindika kwambiri za kupanga magulu, m'malo moyendetsa gulu lonse kupanga zisankho.
1987: Pacific Pacific kumadzulo ndege 1771
Ngakhale kuti m'ma 1970 anali akuchitira umboni ku zowonongeka kwa ndege zowonongeka kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, kawirikawiri panali chimodzimodzi chokhumudwitsa kapena choopsa monga zomwe zinachitika ku Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771. Pa nthawi ya ndege ya Los Angeles ku San Francisco paulendo wa December 7, 1987, munthu wina amene ankagwira ntchitoyo ankafuna kuti ndege zithawa ndi ndege, kupha oyendetsa ndegeyo ndi kubweretsa ndegeyo ku Central Coast.
Zomwe zinachitika: Atagula Pacific Ocean West Airlines ndi USAir, yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito, David Burke adathamangitsidwa ku kampaniyo chifukwa cha kuba kwake, atatha kuba ndalama zokwana madola 69 mu ndalama zothandizira. Atayesa kubwezeretsa ntchito yake, Burke adagula tikiti yoyendetsa ndegeyo, ndipo cholinga chake chinali kumupha.
Burke sanathenso kuzindikiritsa zam'ndandanda wake, kuti alolere chitetezo ndi katundu wolemetsa. Pambuyo pa ndegeyi, Burke ayenera kuti anakumana ndi bwana wake, asanayambe kukwera ndegeyo ndi kupha oyendetsa ndege. Dongosolo lolamulira linasunthira patsogolo, kubweretsa ndegeyo kumapiri a Santa Lucia pakati pa Cayucous ndi Paso Robles, California. Panalibe opulumuka pachigamulochi.
Chimene chinasintha: Chifukwa cha chiwonongeko, mabwalo awiriwa ndi Congress adasintha malamulo a antchito oyendetsa ndege. Choyamba, antchito onse ogwira ntchito m'bwalo la ndege amayenera kuchoka nthawi yomweyo, ndikuchotsa mwayi wawo wopezera malo a ndege. Chachiwiri, ntchitoyi inakhazikitsidwa kuti anthu onse ogwira ndege azichotseratu kayendedwe ka chitetezo chimodzimodzi monga okwera ndege. Potsiriza, chifukwa antchito angapo a Chevron Oil Company anali paulendo umenewo, makampani ambiri anasintha ndondomeko zawo kuti afunse antchito kuti aziwuluka paulendo wosiyana, pangochitika ngozi.
1996: ValuJet Flight 592
Achifwamba omwe anali ndi moyo mu 1996 akhoza kukumbukira bwino lomwe zomwe zinachitika ku ValuJet Flight 952, ndipo pomalizira pake anabweretsa chotengera chotsika mtengo kuti iwonongeke. Pa May 11, 1996, McDonnell-Douglas DC-9 wazaka 27 wochokera ku Miami kupita ku Atlanta anabwera ku Florida Everglades posakhalitsa, atapha anthu onse 110 akuthawa.
Zomwe zinachitika: Asanatuluke, kampani yamakono ya ValuJet inanyamula mabokosi asanu a mpweya wa oksijeni wotha nthawi yaitali pa ndege. M'malo mwa zikopa zapulasitiki zomwe zinkaphimba zikhomo, zikhomo ndi zingwe zinali zodzaza ndi tepi. Pakati pa tekesi, ndegeyi inakhala ndi chigoba kuchokera kumalo otsetsereka, kutembenuza makina oksijeni ndikuyambitsa chimodzi. Zotsatira zake, zitha kutulutsa oksijeni ndipo zinayamba kutenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa madigiri oposa 500 Fahrenheit.
Zotsatira zake, moto unatuluka mu katundu wonyamulidwa, wotengeka ndi zotentha, makatoni, ndi oksijeni akubwera kuchokera ku chitha. Motowo umangowonjezereka mwamsanga m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu, pamene akusungunula maulamuliro ofunika kwambiri a ndege. Pasanathe mphindi 15 ndegeyo itatha, inapita pansi mwamsanga ku Florida Everglades, ikupha onse.
Chimene chinasintha: Chifukwa cha ngozi ndi kufufuza, FAA inayamba kulamulira kusintha kwa ndege ku America. Choyamba, ndege zatsopano komanso zatsopano zomwe zikugwira ntchito ziyenera kukhala ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi utsi, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku lipoti. Kuwonjezera apo, katunduyo akugwira ntchitoyo ayenera kukhala ndi mawotchi opaka moto omwe amaikidwa kuti athetse moto wonyamula katundu ndipo potsirizira pake athandize ndegeyo mpaka itabwerere ku eyapoti. Potsirizira pake, makontarawo adakweza katunduyo mu katunduyo amachitidwa mlandu wolakwa chifukwa cha zochita zawo ndipo pamapeto pake adakakamizidwa kuti atseke zitseko zawo zabwino.
1996: TWA Flight 800
Pamene TWA Flight 800 inagwa kuchokera mlengalenga pa July 17, 1996, vutoli linakhala lopanda nzeru. A Boeing 747 opanda zochitika zonse zomwe zinagwera kuchokera kumwamba maminiti 12 atachoka ku John F. Kennedy International Airport. Posakhalitsa, TWA Worldport inakhala malo oyendetsera mabanja ndi antchito, pamene dziko lapansi linayesa kuyika zigawo pamodzi pa zomwe zinalakwika.
Chimene chinachitika: Mphindi 12 kuchokera pamene TWA Flight 800 inachoka ku JFK, ikupita ku Rome ndiima ku Paris, ndegeyo imawoneka ngati ikuphulika popanda chifukwa chilichonse usiku. Ndege yoyandikana nayo ikudziŵika kwa oyang'anira magalimoto a ndege akuwona kuphulika kumene kuli pafupifupi mamita 16,000 mlengalenga, kenaka ndi malipoti ena angapo. Ntchito zopeza ndi kupulumutsa zinathamangitsidwa kumalo osungirako malo, koma osapindulitsa: anthu 230 omwe anali m'ngalawayo anaphedwa pambuyo pa kupasuka.
Chimene chinasintha: Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wautali umene unachititsa kuti uchigawenga ndi airframe kutopa, ofufuza a National Transportation Safety Board adatsimikiza kuti ndegeyi inaphulika chifukwa cha zolakwika. Pansi pazifukwa zabwino, "choopsa choopsa" m'kati mwa ndege yomwe ikuyendetsa galimoto kungachititse kuti mufulumire mwamsanga, zomwe zingayambitse kupasuka ndi kutha. Ngakhale kuti kalembedwe kameneka kanakonzedweratu kuti kasamalire kuunika kwa ndege , zolakwikazo sizinayambe pa ndege zina za Boeing. Choncho, NTSB inati ndege zonse zatsopano zizitsatira ndondomeko yatsopano ya mafuta ndi malangizo okhudzana ndi waya, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera machitidwe a nitrogen-inerting.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ngoziyi inapatsa Congress mphamvu yopititsa Bungwe la Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act la 1996. Pansi pa lamulo, NTSB ndilo bungwe loyamba lomwe limayendera ndi kulumikiza ntchito kwa mabanja a anthu omwe akugwira ntchito pa ndege, osati ndege. Kuphatikizanso apo, maulendo a ndege ndi maphwando awo amaletsedwa kulankhulana ndi mabanja masiku makumi atatu pambuyo pa chochitikacho.
Ngakhale kuti kuyenda maulendo sizinali njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendamo, zopereka za ena zinapangitsa kuyenda kukhala malo otetezeka komanso opindulitsa kwa onse. Kupyolera mu zochitikazi, mbadwo wotsatira wa mapepala amatha kuwuluka padziko lonse popanda nkhaŵa zochepa zokhudzana ndi kufika pamapeto awo.