Kuphedwa Kwachikumbutso ku Germany

Germany yadzipereka zopindulitsa kwambiri kuti zisayiwale konse kuphedwa kwa Nazi. Pali zikumbutso za Holocaust, museums, ndi akazunzidwe akazunzirako anthu omwe amaphunzitsa anthu komanso kulemekeza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Alendo ambiri ku Ulaya akukakamizidwa kukachezera malo awa, ndipo ayenera. Holocaust ndi imodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Koma kumbukirani kuti masewero a chikumbutso amapereka kuyang'ana kosakayika pa zomwe zinachitika apa.

Kuti mupeze mndandanda wathunthu wa Zomwe Zikumbutso za ku Holocaust za ku Europe (monga malo otchuka ku Poland omwe amadziwika kuti Auschwitz), pitani ku Information Portal ku malo a European Remembrance.

• 01 pa 10

  Chikumbutso kwa Ayuda Ophedwa a ku Ulaya

  Katswiri wa zomangamanga Peter Eisenmann anapanga Chikumbutso cha Berlin ku Ayuda Ophedwa a ku Ulaya. Pambuyo mpikisano wokangana kuti adziwe kuti wapambana, palibe amene anasankhidwa, koma mapangidwe a Eisenmann adayamba kupanga mawonekedwe.

  Imaikidwa pa siteti ya 4.7-acre pakati pa Gateenburg Gate ndi Potsdamer Platz . Chojambula chachikulu chajambula ndi "Field of Stelae" ndi zoposa 2,500 zowonongeka. Mukhoza kulowa kuchokera kumbali zonse zinayi ndikuyenda kudera lopanda malo, ndikukhala otayika pakati pa zipilala zowonjezereka. Zonse zosiyana kwambiri ndi kukula kwake, kuyendayenda kumabweretsa chisokonezo chomwe mungathe kuchipeza mukamapyola m'nkhalango yakuda ya konkire. Malo oyandikana ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale pansi pano amakhala ndi zochitika zambiri za umunthu monga maina onse omwe amazunzidwa ndi Atsogoleri achiyuda omwe amawapha komanso kusankha nkhani za ulendo wawo.

  Kuwoloka msewu ku Tiergarten kuli kanyumba kakang'ono ka Chikumbutso kwa Amuna Kapena Akazi Amuna Ozunzidwa Pansi pa Nazism, ndipo kupita ku Reichstag ndi Chikumbutso chatsopano chatsegulidwa kwa Sinti ndi Aroma Victims of National Socialism. Zowonjezereka kwambiri, mungapezenso malo omwe Hitler a Bunker ankakhala nawo pafupi.

• 02 pa 10

  Kampu Yokakamiza ya Dachau

  Mndende wozunzirako anthu wa Dachau, womwe uli pamtunda wa makilomita 10 kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa Munich , unali umodzi wa ndende zozunzirako anthu ku Germany ku Germany ndipo zikanakhala chitsanzo cha misasa yonse yomwe inkachitika m'dzikolo lachitatu.

  Alendo kumalo okumbukira chikumbutso akutsatira "njira ya mndende," akuyenda mofanana momwe akaidi amakakamizidwa kuti abwerere kumsasa. Mudzawona mabotolo oyambirira, osungirako, mabwalo, ndi malo otsekemera, komanso mawonetsero ambiri ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

• 03 pa 10

  Stolpersteine

  Mwina simungathe kukumbukira izi zikuyenda kuzungulira mizinda ya Germany . Stolpersteine amatanthauzira kwenikweni "chokhumudwitsa mwala". Pali zambiri zomwe mungazione pamaso, ndi zosavuta kuziphonya zopanda pake, zida za golide zomwe zimayikidwa pamsewu pamsewu wa malo ambiri okhala, malonda, ndi malo opanda kanthu.

  Ntchitoyi ndi Gunter Demnig wojambula zithunzi wa ku German akukumbukira anthu omwe anaphedwa ndi Holocaust mu zikumbutso zazikulu za mkuwa zomwe zili ndi dzina (kapena mayina a banja), tsiku lobadwa, ndi kufotokoza mwachidule za tsogolo lawo. Kawirikawiri iwo amanena kuti " Mwezi wamba " (pano amakhala), koma nthawi zina ndi malo omwe munthuyo adaphunzira, ntchito, kapena kuphunzitsa. Mapeto amakhala ofanana, " mermordet " (kupha) ndi malo otchuka a Auschwitz, Dachau ...

• 04 pa 10

  Sachsenhausen Mndende Yozunzirako Anthu

  Mphindi pafupifupi 30 kumpoto kwa Berlin ndi malo okumbutsa a Sachsenhausen, omwe kale anali kundende ya Oranienburg. Msasawo unakhazikitsidwa mu 1936, ndipo kufikira 1945 anthu opitirira 200,000 anamangidwa ndi a Nazi.

  Sachsenhausen inali njira zambiri zozunzirako zozunzirako zikuluzikulu m'Nyumba yachitatu Yachitatu: Imeneyi inali yoyamba yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Heinrich Himmler monga Mtsogoleri wa Apolisi achi Germany ndi njira zake zomangamanga zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo kwa pafupifupi ndende zonse zozunzirako anthu ku Nazi Germany.

  Msilikali utasulidwa pa April 22, 1945, ndi asilikali a Soviet ndi Apolishi, Soviets ankagwiritsa ntchito malowa ndi malo ake monga ndende yozunzirako akaidi kwa ndale kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1950.

  Mu 1956, ndondomeko zinayamba kupanga ndemanga kukhala chikumbutso cha dziko lonse. Inatsegulidwa pa April 23, 1961, ndipo tsopano idatseguka kwa anthu monga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi chikumbukiro.

• 05 ya 10

  Kampu Yachibalo Buchenwald

  Anthu oposa 250,000 ochokera m'mayiko 50 anaikidwa m'ndende komwe kale kunali Buchenwald, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Weimar .

  Chikumbutso chimakhala ndi maofesi osiyanasiyana ndipo mumatha kuona malo oyambirira a msasawo, maselo ogwiritsira ntchito sitima, akaidi oyang'anira nyumba, malo opangira sitima, sitima zapamadzi, malo osungiramo zida, ndi miyala. Pali maulendo oyendayenda pa malo ambiri, kuphatikizapo misewu yomwe anthu oyambirira ankayendetsa.

• 06 cha 10

  Nyumba Yachiyuda ku Berlin

  Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zachiyuda ku Berlin si nyumba yosungirako zopsereza zokhazokha, zomwe ndi mbiri yakale ya mbiri yakale yotchedwa "Millennium Two History of Jewish History" komanso mbiri ya Ayuda ku Germany kuyambira ku Roman Times mpaka lero.

  Koma nyumba zomangamanga za nyumba ya Daniel Libeskind zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe anatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo atuluke komanso kuti atayaye: Maonekedwe a nyumba yosungirako zinthu zakale akumbukira kuti nyenyezi yaDavid yawonongedwa, mawindo osasintha omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a zitsulo, osowa, "voids" chitambasulireni kukwera kwa nyumbayi. Nyumba ya Holocaust ndi malo ojambula "Masamba Ogwa" ndizochitika zina zosangalatsa komanso zosiyana.

• 07 pa 10

  Kampu Yokakamizika Bergen Belsen

  Pamodzi ndi msasa wopha anthu ku Auschwitz, Bergen Belsen ku Lower Saxony inakhala chizindikiro cha mayiko padziko lonse chifukwa cha zoopsa za Nazi. Anne Frank anamangidwa m'ndende iyi ndipo anamwalira ndi Typhus mu March 1945.

  Masiku ano, malo amene kale ankakhala kundende ndi manda okhala ndi zifaniziro zosiyanasiyana kukumbukira amene anavutika ndi kufa ku Bergen Belsen. Palinso buku lotchedwa Documentation Center, lomwe liri ndi zolemba zonse, zithunzi, ndi mafilimu akufufuza mbiri ya msasawo.

• 08 pa 10

  Kampu Yopondereza ya Neuengamme

  Kampu yozunzirako anthu a Neuengamme yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku fakitale ya njerwa kunja kwa Hamburg , inali msasa waukulu kumpoto kwa Germany, yomwe inali ndi makampu 80 otetezera satana pakati pa 1938 ndi 1945. Mu May 2005, ufulu, malo osungirako chikumbutso adatsegulidwa, kuphatikizapo mawonetsero angapo omwe amalemba mbiri ya malowa ndikukumbukira kuzunzika kwa anthu opitirira 100,000 omwe ali m'ndende muno. Maofesi khumi ndi asanu ndi amodzi omwe amamanga misasa pamsasa pa malowa amasungidwa.

• 09 ya 10

  Kampu Yokakamizika Flossenbürg

  Mndende wazunzirako Flossenbürg, womwe unamangidwa mu 1938, uli m'dera la Upper Palatinate ku Bavaria. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, m'busa wachangu wachijeremani ndi katswiri wa zaumulungu, anamangidwa pano ndipo anamwalira masiku 23 chisanachitike Flossenbürg atamasulidwa mu April 1945. Chikumbutso chimapereka ulendo woyendera m'Chingelezi, chomwe chimaphatikizapo mbali zina za chiwonetsero chosaiwalika chotchedwa "Flossenbürg Camp concentration, 1938-1945 . "

• 10 pa 10

  Nyumba ya Msonkhano wa Wannsee

  Alendo angayime mu chipinda chomwe "Njira Yothetsera" (ie Holocaust) inakonzedwa. Tsopano malo osungirako chikumbutso , Nyumba ya Wannsee Conference ndi malo ena ovomerezeka omwe akhala akuyimira anthu omwe akutsatira njira zomwe zapita ku chiwonongeko chachikulu cha anthu pafupifupi 11 miliyoni.