Njira Yopita ku Gawo la Ireland ku Madera Awiri Osiyana
Mbiri ya Ireland ndi yaitali komanso yovuta - ndipo imodzi mwa zotsatira za kulimbikira ufulu ndizovuta. Pomwepo pakhazikitsidwa maiko awiri osiyana pa chilumba chaching'ono ichi. Pamene chochitika ichi ndi zomwe zikuchitika zikupitirizabe kudziwitsa alendo, tiyeni tiyese kufotokoza zomwe zinachitika.
Kukula kwa Kugawanika Kwachiyanjano kwa Ireland mpaka m'zaka za zana la 20
Zovuta zonse zinayamba pamene mafumu a ku Ireland adagwidwa mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndipo Diarmaid Mac Murcha adayitana Anglo-Norman asilikali kuti aziwamenyera - mu 1170 Richard FitzGilbert, wodziwika bwino kuti " Strongbowbow ", atangoyambira pansi ku Ireland.
Ndipo adakonda zomwe adawona, anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa Mac Murcha Aoife ndipo adaganiza kuti adzakhalabe wabwino. Kuchokera ku chithandizo cholimbikitsidwa kupita kwa mfumu ya nyumbayi kunatenga mikwingwirima yofulumira ndi lupanga la Strongbow. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Ireland inali (yochuluka kapena yochepa) pansi pa ulamuliro wa Chingerezi.
Pamene a Irish ena anakonza okha ndi olamulira atsopano ndipo anapha (nthawi zambiri kwenikweni) pansi pawo, ena anatenga njira yopanduka. Ndipo kusiyana kwa fuko kunayamba kufulumira, ndipo a Chingerezi akudandaula kuti ena a anthu akukhala akukhala "oposa Irish kuposa Irish".
Ku Tudor nthawi zina dziko la Ireland linakhala lachilendo - anthu ambiri a ku England ndi a Scotland komanso ana aang'ono omwe sankakhala ndi malo otchuka adatumizidwa ku " Zomera ", kukhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano. Mulimonsemo - Henry VIII anali atasokonezeka kwambiri ndi apapa ndipo anthu atsopanowo anabweretsa mpingo wa Anglican nawo, kutchedwa "ma Protestant" ndi a Katolika.
Apa magawano oyambirira pambali ya magulu achipembedzo anayamba. Izi zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi a Presbyterian a Scottish, makamaka m'minda ya Ulster. Otsutsana kwambiri ndi Akatolika, otsutsana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo komanso owonetseredwa ndi Anglican Ascendency iwo anapanga mtundu wa chipembedzo ndi mafuko.
Malamulo a Pakhomo - ndi Loyalist Backlash
Pambuyo pa zipolowe zambiri za ku Ireland zomwe zinkasokonekera (ena amatsogoleredwa ndi Aprotestanti monga Wolfe Tone) komanso pulogalamu yabwino ya ufulu wachikatolika kuphatikizapo chidziwitso cha kudziletsa, "Home Rule" inali kulira kwa a Irish nationalists m'zaka za Victorian.
Izi zinayitanitsa chisankho cha msonkhano wa ku Ireland, izi zimasankha boma la Ireland ndi kuchita zinthu zowalimbikitsa zowalankhulira mkati mwa chigawo cha British Empire. Pambuyo pazigawo ziwiri zapakhomo pakhomo padzakhala zowona mu 1914 - koma zinayikidwa pamoto wambuyo chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Ulaya.
Koma ngakhale Sarajevo asanathamangitsidwe, zida zankhondo zinamenyedwa ku Ireland - anthu ambiri a ku British, omwe ankakhala ku Ulster, ankaopa kutaya mphamvu ndi ulamuliro. Iwo ankakonda kupitiriza kwa chikhalidwe chomwecho . Wolemba za ku Dublin, Edward Carson, ndi boma la British Conservative, Bonar Law, adayankhula motsutsana ndi Home Rule, omwe adaitanidwa kuti awonetsere anthu ambiri ndipo mu September 1912 adayitanitsa anzawo kuti asayine "League League ndi Pangano". Amuna ndi akazi pafupifupi theka la milioni anasindikiza chikalata ichi, ena mwazidzidzimodzi m'magazi awo - kulonjeza kuti asunge Ulster (gawo) la United Kingdom mwa njira zonse zofunika. M'chaka chotsatira amuna 100,000 adalowetsedwa mu bungwe la Volunteer Volunteer (UVF), bungwe lapadera lomwe linaperekedwa kuti litetezedwe ku Home Rule.
Pa nthawi yomweyi anthu odzipereka a ku Ireland adakhazikitsidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - cholinga chawo chinali kuteteza kunyumba kwawo. Mamembala okwana 200,000 anali okonzekera kuchita.
Kupandukira, Nkhondo ndi Chipangano cha Anglo-Ireland
Mgwirizano wa Odzipereka A Irish anachita nawo Pasaka Kukwera kwa 1916 , zochitikazo ndipo makamaka pambuyo pake zidapanga dziko latsopano la Irish. Kugonjetsa kwakukulu kwa Sinn Féin mu chisankho cha 1918 kunachititsa kuti Dáil Éireann adziwe koyamba mu Januwale 1919. Nkhondo ya guerilla yomwe inagwiridwa ndi Irish Republican Army (IRA) inatsatiratu, idatha kuthetsa chigwirizano ndipo potsiriza chigamulo cha July 1921.
Pulezidenti wa Ulster adasinthidwa kukhala mgwirizano wosiyana wa madera asanu ndi limodzi a Protestant a Ulster ( Antrim , Armagh , Down, Fermanagh , Derry / Londonderry ndi Tyrone ) komanso njira yothetsera " South ". Izi zinachitika kumapeto kwa 1921 pamene Angle-Irish Treaty inakhazikitsa Irish Free State m'maboma 26 otsala, olamulidwa ndi Dáil Éireann.
Kwenikweni, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuposa kuti ngakhale ... Panganoli, pakuyamba kugwira ntchito, linakhazikitsa Irish Free State m'madera 32, chilumba chonsecho. Koma panali chigamulo chochotsera zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi ku Ulster. Ndipo izi zidayankhidwa, chifukwa cha mavuto ena, nthawi yokha yomwe Free State inayamba. Kotero kwa pafupi tsiku limodzi panali Ireland yodzigwirizanitsa kwathunthu, yokha kuti igawidwe muwiri mmawa wotsatira. Monga akunena kuti ndi mtundu wina wa Irish wokonzekera msonkhano, mutu nambala 1 ndi funso "Kodi timagawanika timagulu tani?"
Kotero Ireland inagawanidwa - ndi mgwirizano wa oyankhulana ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ambiri a demokalase amavomereza mgwirizano ngati wochepa kwambiri, nationalist wovuta kwambiri adawona ngati wogulitsidwa. Nkhondo ya Civil Civil pakati pa IRA ndi Free State Forces inatsatira, kuchititsa kupha magazi ambiri, makamaka kuphedwa kuposa Pasitala. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo mgwirizanowu unathetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, pamapeto pake ponena kuti "dziko lolamulidwa ndi demokalase" mu 1937, dziko la Republic of Ireland (1948) linatha kukhazikitsa dziko latsopanoli.
"Kumpoto" inachotsedwa ku Stormont
Chisankho cha 1918 ku United Kingdom sichinapindule kwa Sinn Féin - Conservatives adalandira lonjezo kuchokera ku Lloyd George kuti zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za Ulster sizidzakakamizidwa kulowa kunyumba. Koma chivomerezo cha 1919 chinalimbikitsa Paramenti (onse asanu ndi atatu) Ulster ndi ena onse a Ireland, onse akugwirira ntchito pamodzi. Cavan , Donegal ndi Monaghan adachotsedwa pulezidenti wa Ulster ... adaonedwa kuti akuvulaza voti ya Unionist. Izi zinakhazikitsanso magawowa mpaka lero.
Mu 1920 lamulo la boma la Ireland linaperekedwa, mu May 1921 chisankho choyamba chinachitikira kumpoto kwa Ireland ndipo ambiri a bungwe la Unionist adakhazikitsa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Monga tikuyembekezera kuti Nyumba yamalamulo ya kumpoto kwa Ireland (atakhala mu College of Presbyterian College College mpaka titasamukira ku Stormond Castle mu 1932) anakana pempho loti alowe ku Irish Free State.
Zotsatira za Gawo la Irish kwa Oyendera
Ngakhale kuti zaka zingapo zapitazo kudutsa kuchokera ku Republic mpaka kumpoto zikhoza kukhala zofufuza mosamalitsa ndi mafunso oyesa, malire lero sakuwonekera. Zimakhalanso zosasinthika, popeza palibe zizindikiro kapena ngakhale zizindikiro!
Komabe, palinso zofunikira zina, pakuti alendo ndi malo owona nthawi zonse amakhala otheka. Ndipo ndi specter ya Brexit, UK kuchoka ku EU, ikuyandikira, zinthu zikhoza kukhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa izi:
- Northern Ireland adakali mbali ya UK, Republic ndi dziko losiyana - izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kuyang'ana malamulo a British ndi a Irish omwe akulowa m'dzikoli asanayambe malire.
- Pali ndalama ziwiri ku Ireland - pamene Republic likugwiritsa ntchito Euro, Northern Ireland imamatira ku Pound Sterling.
- Pamene mukuyendetsa ku Ireland mukuyenera kukumbukira kuti zizindikiro za msewu ndi zosiyana - makamaka kuti msinkhu ndi maulendo amaikidwa kumtunda wa makilomita kumpoto, mu makilomita mu Republic.
- Fufuzani ndi kampani yanu yobwera galimoto ngati mwaloledwa kuwoloka malire - zoletsedwa nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Ngakhale kuti Northern Ireland sayenera kuonedwa ngati malo owopsa , vuto la chitetezo lingatanthauze zovuta nthawi ndi nthawi - kuyendetsa magalimoto kumakhala koonekera kwambiri.
- Mitengo imasiyana mosiyana pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic - petrol nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika kwambiri kumpoto pamene zakudya zingakhale zotsika mtengo kumeneko.