Mfundo za Mission Mission za California ndi Mafunso Omwe Amapezeka Nthawi Zonse

by Betsy Malloy

Mfundo Zowona Zokhudza Makampani a ku California

NGATI mutakhala mukuganiza za mautumiki a ku Spain ku California - makamaka ngati mukuyang'ana California Missions chenicheni, tsamba ili linapangidwira inu.

Momwe Makhalidwe a California Anayambira

Ntchito za ku Spain ku California zinayamba chifukwa cha Mfumu ya Spain. Ankafuna kukhazikitsa malo osatha m'dziko la New World.

Anthu a ku Spain ankafuna kulamulira Alta California (kutanthauza kuti Upper California mu Spanish).

Iwo anali ndi nkhawa chifukwa a Russia anali akusunthira kum'mwera kuchokera ku Fort Ross, kupita kumene tsopano ndi Sonoma County.

Chigamulo choyambitsa maofesi a Spanish ku Alta California chinali ndale. Zinali zachipembedzo. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinkafuna kutembenuza anthu am'deralo ku chipembedzo cha Katolika.

Ndani Anakhazikitsa Maofesi a California?

Bambo Junipero Serra anali wansembe wolemekezeka wa ku Spain wa ku Franciscan. Anagwira ntchito pamishonale ku Mexico kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri asanamuike woyang'anira maofesi a California. Kuti tipeze zambiri za iye, werengani Bira Serra's biography .

Izi zinachitika mu 1767 pamene lamulo la ansembe la Franciscan linatenga mautumiki atsopano kuchokera kwa ansembe a Yesuit. Zomwe zasinthidwazo ndizovuta kwambiri kulowa mu chidulechi

Kodi Pali Ntchito Zambiri Zambiri?

Mu 1769, msirikali wa ku Spain, Gaspar de Portola ndi bambo Serra adayenda ulendo wawo woyamba, akupita kumpoto kuchokera ku La Paz ku Baja California kuti akayambe ntchito ku Alta California.

Pazaka 54 zotsatira, maiko 21 a California adayambitsidwa. Iwo amayenda makilomita 650 kudutsa El Camino Real (King's Highway) pakati pa San Diego ndi tauni ya Sonoma. Mukhoza kuona malo awo pamapu .

Nchifukwa chiyani Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinayambitsa mautumiki?

Abambo a ku Spain ankafuna kutembenuza Amwenye akumeneko kukhala Akhristu.

Pa ntchito iliyonse, iwo adatumizira a neophytes kuchokera ku India. Kumalo ena, iwo amawabweretsa kuti azikhala ku ntchito ndi ena, iwo amakhala m'midzi yawo ndikupita ku ntchito tsiku lililonse. Kulikonse, abambo anawaphunzitsa za Chikatolika, kulankhula Chisipanishi, momwe angapangire ulimi, ndi luso lina.

Amwenye ena ankafuna kupita ku mautumiki, koma ena sanatero. Asilikali a ku Spain ankazunza Amwenye ena.

Chinthu choipa kwambiri pazithunzithunzi za amishonale kwa Amwenye chinali chomwe sichikanaletsa matenda a ku Ulaya. Matenda a nthomba, chikuku, ndi diphtheria anapha anthu ambiri. Sitikudziwa kuti ndi Amwenye angati omwe anali ku California asanafike Spanish kapena kapena angati anafa nthawi isanayambe. Chimene tikudziwa ndi chakuti maumishoni obatizidwa oposa 80,000 a ku Indiya ndi olembedwa pafupifupi 60,000.

Kodi Anthu Adachita Chiyani pa Ntchito?

Pa mautumiki, anthu amachita zonse zomwe anthu amachita mumzinda uliwonse.

Zonsezi zinabweretsa tirigu ndi chimanga. Ambiri a iwo anali ndi minda ya mpesa ndipo anapanga vinyo. Iwo ankalanso ng'ombe ndi nkhosa ndipo ankagulitsa katundu wa zikopa ndi zikopa zachitsulo. Kumalo ena, iwo anapanga sopo ndi makandulo, anali ndi masitolo osula, amavala nsalu, ndi kupanga zinthu zina kuti zigwiritse ntchito ndi kugulitsa.

Ena mwa maumishoniwa anali ndi makanema, kumene abambo ankaphunzitsa Amwenye momwe angayimbire nyimbo zachikhristu.

Kodi N'chiyani Chinapangitsa Mavuto a ku California?

Nthawi ya Chisipanishi sinakhalitse nthawi yaitali. Mu 1821 (patatha zaka 52 Portola ndi Serra atapita ulendo wawo woyamba ku California), Mexico inalandira ufulu wochokera ku Spain. Mexico sitingakwanitse kuthandizira maofesi a California pambuyo pake.

Mu 1834, boma la Mexican linasankha kusokoneza mautumiki - zomwe zikutanthawuza kusinthira kuzinthu zosakhala zachipembedzo - ndi kuzigulitsa. Iwo anafunsa Amwenye ngati akufuna kugula dzikolo, koma iwo sanafune kuti iwo - kapena sangathe kugula. Nthawi zina, palibe yemwe ankafuna nyumba zaumishonale ndipo anagawidwa pang'onopang'ono.

Pambuyo pake, dziko laumishonale linagawidwa ndikugulitsidwa. Mpingo wa Katolika unasunga mautumiki ochepa ochepa.

Pambuyo pake mu 1863, Purezidenti Abraham Lincoln anabwerera kumalo onse omwe kale anali amishonale ku Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Panthawiyo, ambiri a iwo anali mabwinja.

Nanga Bwanji Zamishonale Tsopano?

M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, anthu adakhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi. Anabwezeretsa kapena kumanganso mautumiki omwe anawonongeka.

Utumiki wachinayi ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lamulo la Franciscan: Mission San Antonio de Padua, Mission Santa Barbara, Mission San Miguel Arcángel, ndi Mission San Luis Rey de France. Ena adakali mipingo ya Chikatolika. Zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi National Historic Landmarks.

Ambiri akapolo akale ali ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zabwino komanso mabwinja ochititsa chidwi. Mukhoza kuwerenga za aliyense mwazitsogoleredwe mwamsanga, okonzeka kuthandiza ophunzira a California ndi alendo odziwa chidwi.